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Countries of the Middle East and Central Asia region havebeen hit by two large and reinforcing shocks, resulting in significantly weaker growth projections in 2020. In addition to the devastating toll on human health, the COVID-19 pandemic and the plunge in oil prices are causing economic turmoil in the region, with fragile and conflict affected states particularlyhard-hit given already large humanitarian and refugee challenges and weak health infrastructures. The immediate priority for policies is to save lives with needed health spending, regardless of fiscal space, while preservingengines of growth with targeted support to households and hard-hit sectors. In this context, the IMF has been providing emergency assistance to help countriesin the region during these challenging times. Further ahead, economic recoveries should be supported with broad fiscal and monetary measures wherepolicy space is available, and by seeking external assistance where space is limited.

Health behavior.

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This paper proposes a package of policy reforms and a funding strategy to ensure that the Fund has the capacity to respond flexibly to LICs' needs during the pandemic and recovery. The key policy reforms proposed include: • raising the normal annual/cumulative limits on access to PRGT resources to 145/435 percent of quota, the same thresholds for normal access in the GRA; • eliminating the hard limits on exceptional access (EA) to PRGT resources for the poorest LICs, enabling them to obtain all financing on concessional terms if the EA criteria are met; • changes to the framework for blending concessional and non-concessional resources to make it more robust and less complex; • stronger safeguards to address concerns regarding debt sustainability and capacity to repay the Fund; and • retaining zero interest rates on PRGT loans, consistent with the established rules for setting these interest rates.

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This dissertation by Jamie Lee Harder examines breastfeeding patterns in Mexico, focusing on the individual and institutional factors that influence early health choices. The study utilizes both quantitative data from the Indicator Cluster Survey and qualitative interviews with Mexican mothers to explore how these factors impact the decision to exclusively breastfeed. It highlights the role of childbirth experiences, prenatal care, and social support systems in breastfeeding decisions. The research also addresses the structural barriers faced by mothers and calls for comprehensive intervention strategies to reduce health inequalities and promote supportive workplace environments. The study contributes valuable insights to the fields of public health and sociology, seeking to improve breastfeeding rates and health outcomes in Mexico.

Breastfeeding. --- Health behavior. --- Breastfeeding --- Health behavior

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This publication by the World Health Organization provides comprehensive guidance on understanding and addressing the behavioral and social factors influencing vaccination uptake. It is intended for immunization program managers, researchers, and policymakers. The document offers tools and practical recommendations for evaluating vaccination drivers, collecting data, and implementing targeted interventions to improve immunization coverage. It includes methods for data collection, analysis, and reporting, with a focus on both child and COVID-19 vaccinations. The goal is to equip programs with the necessary insights to reduce vaccination disparities and enhance public health efforts.

Vaccination. --- Health behavior. --- Vaccination --- Health behavior

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Autonomy (Philosophy). --- Health behavior.