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The development of sustainable supplies of critical minerals and metals is required if society is to succeed in the decarbonisation of the global economy. While the discovery of critical metal deposits is urgent, of equal importance is understanding the life cycle of critical metals that are already in the economy. This book includes ten empirical studies on both the discovery and investigations of the life cycle of critical metals. A wide range of critical metals in the hydrothermal system, including Co, Ga, Ge, Re, REEs, In, Sb, Sn and W, were investigated by researchers from China, Australia, North America and Europe. These studies present an advanced understanding of the genesis of global critical metal resources, by utilising traditional and non-traditional analytical approaches. This book also promotes the green mining concept. Innovative technological development that allows extracting additional critical metals from current production and from historic mine wastes is reported. Academics and practitioners will find, in this book, very recent case studies of geochemistry, mineralogy, geometallurgy and the exploration of critical metals in various hydrothermal systems, as well as the major challenges and opportunities facing academic research and industrial mineral exploration.

REE precipitation --- thermodynamic modelling --- Bayan Obo REE-Nb-Fe deposit --- cobalt supply --- rhenium --- gold --- by-products --- pyrite processing --- geo-metallurgy --- porphyry-type mining --- green mining --- Re-Os dating --- fluid inclusions --- H-O isotope --- quartz-vein tungsten deposit --- eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt --- pXRF --- antimony --- mineral exploration --- Vendean antimony district --- sphalerite --- trace elements --- Hilton Zn-Pb (Ag) --- sulphides --- Mount Isa --- critical metals --- hydrometallurgy --- leachate --- ICP-MS --- polymetallic sulphides --- granite --- copper --- mining waste --- waste rock --- recovery rate --- sustainability --- ore genesis --- fluid evolution --- REE enrichment --- carbonatite-related REE deposit --- Qianjiadian uranium deposit --- Songliao Basin --- mafic rocks --- tectonic inversion --- reducing barrier --- U mineralization --- LA-ICPMS --- Jiangnan tungsten ore belt --- Zhuxiling W (Mo) deposit --- reduced skarn --- Mn-rich garnet --- deep-sea sediment --- eastern South Pacific --- bioapatite --- hydrothermal fluids --- LA-(MC)-ICP-MS --- n/a

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Within the last decade, the high and continuing demand for precious and base metals, as well as critical elements, has prompted a global rush on a scale never before seen. This eventually resulted in the demand for considerable innovation and improvement in mineral deposit genetic modelling and ore formation regimes for the many different types of gold deposits, now recognized, and paralleled by the wide employment of exploration techniques and a rapid expansion of geological databases. This Special Issue will show case studies of porphyry polymetal systems, orogenic gold formations, water–rock reaction, ore-forming structure evolution, mineralogy and petrology of ore deposit, ore formation regime, geochronology and geochemistry of ore deposit, ore-forming evolution, mineral exploration and cutting-edge technology in ore deposit study.

n/a --- syenite --- petrogenesis --- North China Craton --- Hongyan deposit --- Yangshan gold belt --- mineral geo-thermometry --- water–rock interaction --- Pinglidian gold deposit --- lithospheric architecture --- Liaodong Peninsula --- visible gold --- Zhengchong gold deposit --- stable isotopes --- geochemistry --- ore shoots --- high fugacity --- Huangshaping --- zircon U-Pb dating --- orogenic gold deposit --- high-silica adakitic rocks (HSA) --- zircon U–Pb dating --- zircon geochronology --- middle–late Jurassic --- Rare-Earth Elements --- Tiantangshan tin polymetallic deposit --- whole-rock geochemistry --- fluid inclusions --- low Sr and high Yb A2-type granite --- W–Sn skarn --- Jiaodong area --- hydrous melts --- quartz vein --- hydrothermal alteration halo --- fluid inclusion --- archean basement --- H–O isotope --- Sizhuang gold deposit --- South China --- invisible gold --- granite petrogenesis --- Zaorendao gold deposit --- geostatistics --- SE China --- physicochemical condition of mineralization --- metallogenesis --- structural control --- constraints on mineralization --- Northwestern Yunnan Province --- ore-forming processes --- zircon Hf isotopes --- metallogenic rule --- rock geochemistry --- Shizhuyuan --- Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopes --- immiscibility --- Jiaodong Peninsula --- Mo-polymetallic deposit --- Permian A-type granite --- precipitation mechanism --- Jiangnan orogenic belt --- Chishan alkaline complex --- A-type granite --- in situ study --- magmatic oxygen fugacity --- Jiaodong --- Liaoning Province --- oxidation state --- Re–Os dating --- Saima deposit --- C–H–O isotopes --- sericite --- gold deposition --- post-collisional slab break-off --- Hf-Nd isotopic mapping --- geochronology --- Sr–Nd isotopes --- Inner Mongolia --- Zaozigou deposit --- Pulang porphyry Cu (–Mo–Au) deposit --- Haoyaoerhudong gabbro --- trace element --- Cu-Au hydrothermal mineralization --- molybdenite Re-Os dating --- Hegenshan-Heihe suture zone --- Late Cretaceous --- Great Xing’an Range --- SW China --- Hongshan skarn deposit --- tin mineralization --- Xianghualing --- Hf isotopes --- post-collisional --- hydrothermal calcite --- molybdenite Re–Os dating --- LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating --- Sanshandao gold deposit --- China --- Lu–Hf isotopes --- orogenic-gold deposit --- garnet Sm–Nd dating --- paleo-Tethyan ocean closure --- Weilasituo Sn-polymetallic deposit --- West Qinling --- mantle branch --- formation temperature --- ore prospecting target --- Dongbulage --- niobium mineralization --- LA-ICP-MS --- quartz --- C–O isotopes --- acidity --- Beiya Au deposit --- ore-controlling structures --- U–Pb zircon age --- Koka deposit --- zircon U–Pb geochronology --- skarn mineralogy --- Phapon gold deposit --- water-rock interaction --- middle-late Jurassic --- W-Sn skarn --- H-O isotope --- Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes --- Re-Os dating --- C-H-O isotopes --- Sr-Nd isotopes --- Pulang porphyry Cu (-Mo-Au) deposit --- Great Xing'an Range --- LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating --- Lu-Hf isotopes --- garnet Sm-Nd dating --- C-O isotopes --- U-Pb zircon age --- zircon U-Pb geochronology