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This work offers a critical analysis of the Sanskrit, Syriac and Persian sources in Rhazes’ (d. 925 CE) Comprehensive Book (or al-Kitāb al-Ḥāwī), a hugely famous and highly unusual medico-pharmaceutical encyclopedia originally written in Arabic. All text material appears in full Arabic with English translations throughout, whilst the traceable Indian fragments are represented here, for the first time, in both the original Sanskrit and corresponding English translations. The philological core of the book is framed by a detailed introductory study on the transmission of Indian, Syrian and Iranian medicine and pharmacy to the Arabs, and by extensive bilingual glossaries of relevant Arabic and Sanskrit terms as well as Latin botanical identifications. The World Award for the Book of the Year of the Islamic Republic of Iran has selected this title as one the best books of the year 2015 in the field of Islamic/ Iranian Studies.

Sanskrit language --- Syriac language --- Persian language --- Medicine, Medieval. --- Medicine, Arab. --- Pharmacy --- History --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, --- Chemistry --- Medicine --- Drugs --- Materia medica --- Pharmacology --- Arab medicine --- Medicine, Arab --- Medicine, Arabic --- Medicine, Unani --- Tibb (Medicine) --- Unani medicine --- Unani-Tibb (Medicine) --- Medicine, Medieval --- Medieval medicine --- Farsi language --- Iranian languages --- Sanscrit language --- Indo-Aryan languages --- Manipravalam language (Malayalam) --- Vedic language --- Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, Abū Bakr, --- Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, --- Rhazes, --- Rasis, --- Rhases, --- Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ, --- Abu Bakr Mukhammed ibn Zakariĭĭa ar-Razi, --- Abubetrus Rhaza Maomethus, --- Razi, Aboubakr Mohammad ibn Zakarria, --- Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā al-Rāzī, --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr, --- Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ al-Rāzī, --- Razi, Abu Bakr Mukhammed ibn Zakariĭĭa, --- Aboubakr Mohammad ibn Zakarria Razi, --- Abu Bakr Roziĭ, --- Roziĭ, Abu Bakr, --- Abu Bakr Ar-Razi, --- Ṣayrafī, Muḥammad ibn Zakariyā, --- Ḥakīm Rāzī, --- Rhasis, Mohammed, --- Rhazes, Mohammad Zachary, --- الرازي، أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا, --- رازى، ابو بكر محمد ابن زكرياى, --- رازى، ابو بكر محمد بن زكريا, --- رازي، أبو بکر محمد بن زکريا, --- رازي، ابو بكر محمد ابن زكريا, --- Pseudo-Rhazes,

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This book endeavors to identify and define the phenomenon of freethinking in medieval Islam, in particular as exemplified in the figures of the two most notorious intellectual heretics, Ibn al-Rāwandī (9th C.) and Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (10th C.). The development of Islamic freethinking is analyzed on the background of the paramount importance of prophetology in Islam. The book examines the image of the freethinkers in Islam and its connection to the legacy of late antiquity, and to the traditions about Indian and Sabian religions. The last chapters examine repercussions of his phenomenon in various aspects of Muslim, Jewish and Christian medieval thought. It is argued that, despite its rare occurrence, freethinking was in fact a pivotal Islamic phenomenon, which had a major impact on the development of Islamic thought.

Razi, al-, Muhammad ibn Zakariya --- Rawandi, al-, Ibn --- Filosofie [Islamitische ] --- Filosofie [Middeleeuwse ] --- Filosofie [Mohammedaanse ] --- Free thinking --- Free thought --- Humanisme [Vrijzinnig ] --- Islamic philosophy --- Islamitische filosofie --- Libre examen --- Libre pensée --- Medieval philosophy --- Middeleeuwse filosofie --- Mohammedaanse filosofie --- Muslim philosophy --- Philosophie islamique --- Philosophie musulmane --- Philosophie médiévale --- Philosophy [Islamic ] --- Philosophy [Medieval ] --- Philosophy [Muslim ] --- Thought [Free ] --- Vrij onderzoek --- Vrijdenkerij --- Vrijzinnig humanisme --- Vrijzinnigheid --- Philosophy, Medieval. --- History --- Histoire --- Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya, --- Rawandi, Ahmad ibn Yahyã, --- Philosophy, Islamic. --- Free thought. --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, --- Rāwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, --- Islamic philosophy. --- Philosophie médiévale --- Libre pensée --- Råazåi, Abåu Bakr Muòhammad ibn Zakaråiyåa, - 865?-925? --- Råawandåi, Aòhmad ibn Yaòhyá, - 9th cent. --- Islam --- History. --- Islamic countries --- Scholasticism --- Arabic philosophy --- Philosophy, Islamic --- Philosophy, Arab --- Aḥmad al-Rāwandī, --- Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá al-Rāwandī, --- Ibn al-Rāwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, --- Ibn al-Rīwandī, --- Rāwandī, Aḥmad, --- Rēwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, --- راوندي، أحمد بن يحي، --- راوندي، أحمد بن يحيى، --- راوندي، احمد بن يحيي --- راوندي، احمد بن يحيى، --- ريوندي ، أحمد بن يحيى --- Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, Abū Bakr, --- Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, --- Rhazes, --- Rasis, --- Rhases, --- Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ, --- Abu Bakr Mukhammed ibn Zakariĭĭa ar-Razi, --- Abubetrus Rhaza Maomethus, --- Razi, Aboubakr Mohammad ibn Zakarria, --- Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā al-Rāzī, --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr, --- Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ al-Rāzī, --- Razi, Abu Bakr Mukhammed ibn Zakariĭĭa, --- Aboubakr Mohammad ibn Zakarria Razi, --- Abu Bakr Roziĭ, --- Roziĭ, Abu Bakr, --- Abu Bakr Ar-Razi, --- Ṣayrafī, Muḥammad ibn Zakariyā, --- Ḥakīm Rāzī, --- Rhasis, Mohammed, --- Rhazes, Mohammad Zachary, --- الرازي، أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا, --- رازى، ابو بكر محمد ابن زكرياى, --- رازى، ابو بكر محمد بن زكريا, --- رازي، أبو بکر محمد بن زکريا, --- رازي، ابو بكر محمد ابن زكريا, --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, - 865?-925? --- Rāwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, - 9th cent. --- Pseudo-Rhazes,