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The Dutch scientist Hendrik Kramers (1894-1952) was one of the greatest theoretical physicists of the twentieth century--and one of a mere handful who have made major contributions across the whole field. Physicists know his name from, among other things, the Kramers dispersion theory, the Kramers-Heisenberg dispersion formulae, the Kramers opacity formula, the Kramers degeneracy, and the Kramers-Kronig relations. Yet few people know more than the name, or recognize the full depth and range of his contributions. In this book, D. ter Haar seeks to change that. He presents for the first time anywhere a comprehensive discussion of Kramers's scientific work, and reprints twelve of his most important papers. The author shows us that Kramers's remarkable and diverse work makes him at least the equal of such celebrated physicists as Fermi and Landau. He takes us through Kramers's groundbreaking research in such subjects as quantum theory, quantum electrodynamics, statistical mechanics, and solid-state physics. The papers he reprints include Kramers's derivation of the dispersion formulae that led to Heisenberg's matrix mechanics; his classic paper on the Brownian-motion approach to chemical reactions; a pioneering paper on polymers; and a paper on renormalization, a concept first introduced by Kramers and now one of the basic ideas of modern field theory. This book will change how we view the course of twentieth-century science and will show that Kramers was indeed one of the masters of modern physics.
Quantum theory --- Physicists --- History. --- Kramers, Hendrik Anthony, --- Absorption. --- Adiabatic demagnetisation. --- BKS theory. --- Birefringence. --- Boltzmann distribution. --- Brownian motion. --- Chemical reactions. --- Compton effect. --- Correspondence principle. --- Curie temperature. --- Dielectric permittivity. --- Diffusion equation. --- Dirac equation. --- Energy conservation. --- Escape probability. --- Fokker-Planck equation. --- Gibbs-Helmholtz equation. --- Gyromagnetic ratio. --- Harmonic oscillator. --- Hole theory. --- Induced dipole moment. --- Kramers degeneracy. --- Light quanta. --- Lorentz transformation. --- Magnetisation. --- Maxwell distribution. --- Multiply periodic systems. --- Oscillator strength. --- Paramagnetic rotation. --- Pauli matrices. --- Poisson brackets. --- Polarisation. --- Quantisation rules. --- Refractive index. --- Spontaneous radiation. --- Transition state method. --- Viscosity.
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The many-faceted efforts to understand the structure and interactions of atoms over the past hundred years have contributed decisively and dramatically to the explosive development of physics. There is hardly a branch of modern physical science that does not in some seminal way rely on the fundamental principles and mathematical and experimental insights that derive from these studies. In particular, the drive to understand the singular features of the hydrogen atom--simultaneously the archetype of all atoms and the least typical atom--spurred many of the twentieth century's advances in physics and chemistry. This book gives an in-depth account of the author's own penetrating experimental and theoretical investigations of the hydrogen atom, while simultaneously providing broad lessons in the application of quantum mechanics to atomic structure and interactions. A pioneer in the combined use of atomic accelerators and radiofrequency spectroscopy for probing the internal structure of the hydrogen atom, Mark Silverman examines the general principles behind this far-reaching experimental approach. Fast-moving protons are directed into gas or foil targets from which they capture electrons to become hydrogen atoms moving uniformly at very high speeds. During their rapid passage through the spectroscopy chamber of the atomic accelerator, these atoms reveal by the light they emit fascinating details of their internal configuration and the interactions that created them. Silverman examines the effects of radiofrequency fields on the hydrogen atom clearly and systematically, explaining the details of these interactions at different levels of complexity and refinement, each level illuminating the physical processes involved from different and complementary perspectives. Readers interested in diverse areas of physics and physical chemistry will appreciate both the theoretical and practical implications of Silverman's studies and the personal style with which he relays them. This is a work of not only an outstanding research physicist, but a fine teacher who understands how curiosity underlies all science.
Atomic structure. --- Back-Goudsmit effect. --- Bohr magneton. --- Bohr radius. --- Clebsch-Gordan coefficient. --- Dirac zeta function. --- Doppler broadening. --- Fermi contact interaction. --- Fermi golden rule. --- Gaussian lineshape. --- Green's function. --- Hermitian operator. --- Huygen's principle. --- Laplace equation. --- Pauli spin matrices. --- Ramsay method. --- Stark effect. --- Thomas precession. --- acceleration potential. --- angular distribution function. --- annihilation operator. --- anticommutator. --- antiresonant frequency. --- basis states. --- coherence terms. --- collisional broadening. --- counter-rotating frame. --- density matrix. --- detection operator. --- diamagnetic interaction. --- efficiency matrix. --- eigenvalue problem. --- extraction potential. --- field mode density. --- fine structure constant. --- gas target. --- gyromagnetic ratio. --- helicity. --- impedance mismatch. --- interaction representation. --- level anticrossing. --- lineshape narrowing. --- occupation probabilities. --- optical signal function. --- paraxial ray equation. --- periodic table. --- polarization of the vacuum. --- power saturation curve. --- quantum interference. --- quantum numbers. --- reflection coefficient. --- resonant frequency. --- selection rules.
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