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This paper addresses the mechanisms by which trade openness affects growth volatility. Using a diverse set of export diversification indicators, it presents strong evidence pointing to an important role for export diversification in reducing the effect of trade openness on growth volatility. The authors also identify positive thresholds for product diversification at which the effect of openness on volatility changes sign. The effect is shown to be positive only for a minority of countries with highly concentrated export baskets. This result is shown to be robust to both explicit accounting for endogeneity as well as the inclusion of a host of additional controls.
Achieving Shared Growth --- Developing countries --- Economic activity --- Economic Conditions and Volatility --- Economic crisis --- Economic development --- Economic growth --- Economic management --- Emerging Markets --- External shocks --- Financial markets --- Fluctuations --- Free Trade --- Growth effect --- Growth effects --- Growth process --- Growth rates --- Growth volatility --- Interest rates --- International Economics and Trade --- International trade --- Liberalization --- Macroeconomic volatility --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development --- Structural characteristics --- Trade openness
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Dear Colleagues, Synthetic biology is a broad and emerging discipline that capitalizes on recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, protein and RNA engineering and omics technologies. These technologies have transformed our ability to reveal the biology of the cell and the molecular basis of disease.
growth effect --- lysine acetylation --- Escherichia coli --- posttranslational modification --- class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase --- amber stop codon suppression --- genetic code expansion --- yeasts --- phosphoseryl-tRNA synthetase --- M. jannaschii orthogonal pair --- gene ontology --- selenocysteine --- genetic firewall --- indirect tRNA aminoacylation --- tRNA editing --- unnatural nucleotides --- reverse polymerization --- RNA metabolism --- genome editing --- tRNA --- tRNASer --- alternative amino acid and nucleotide repertoires --- biocontainment --- fluorescent reporter --- optogenetics --- tRNASep --- GluRS-like --- genetic isolation --- live cell imaging --- alternative core cellular chemistries --- fluorescence-based screen --- phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1 --- synthetic biology --- mistranslation --- tRNA repair --- synthetic life --- CUG-Ser --- unnatural amino acids --- recombinant protein production --- biopharmaceuticals --- protein modification --- functional conservation --- branched-chain amino acids --- alanyl-tRNA synthetase --- release factor 1 --- cyclic peptides --- AspRS --- xenobiology --- DNA delivery --- gene overexpression --- non-canonical amino acids --- ASKA collection --- protein kinase B --- codon bias --- microRNA quantification --- anticodon --- small molecule drug screening --- mRNA display --- genetic tools --- protein engineering --- misacylation --- transfer RNA --- Metschnikowia --- genome synthesis --- expanded genetic code --- yeast two hybrid --- orthogonal central dogma of molecular biology --- microRNA --- genome engineering
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