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This book presents a comprehensive review of the methods applied to derive cosmological parameters for a given model and test different cosmological models using the most massive collapsed structures in our Universe: clusters of galaxies. Clusters typically consist of hundreds of galaxies and high-temperature ionized gas trapped in their gravitational field dominated by dark matter extending out to 2-3 Mpc. The formation, evolution, and structure of these massive rare objects are sensitive probes of the assumed cosmology. This is a multidisciplinary field of astrophysics involving multi-wavele

Galaxies --- Cosmology. --- Astronomy. --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Clusters of galaxies --- Galaxy clusters --- Groups of galaxies --- Clusters. --- Groups

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Mergers are the mechanisms by which galaxy clusters are assembled through the hierarchical growth of smaller clusters and groups. Major cluster mergers are the most energetic events in the Universe since the Big Bang. Many of the observed properties of clusters depend on the physics of the merging process. These include substructure, shock, intra cluster plasma temperature and entropy structure, mixing of heavy elements within the intra cluster medium, acceleration of high-energy particles, formation of radio halos and the effects on the galaxy radio emission. This book reviews our current understanding of cluster merging from an observational and theoretical perspective, and is appropriate for both graduate students and researchers in the field.

Physics. --- Gravitation. --- Observations, Astronomical. --- Astronomy --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Observations. --- Astronomical observations --- Observations, Astronomical --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Physics --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Relativity (Physics) --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- Properties --- Astronomy—Observations. --- Galaxies --- Clusters. --- Clusters of galaxies --- Galaxy clusters --- Groups of galaxies --- Groups