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The paper analyzes the impact of the recent global crisis in the context of the previous two decades' growth and capital flows. Growth decomposition exercises show that Egyptian growth is driven mostly by capital accumulation. To estimate the share of labor in national income, the analysis adjusts the national accounts statistics to include the compensation of self-employed and non-paid family workers. Still, the share of labor, about 30 percent, is significantly lower than previously estimated. The authors estimate the output costs of the current crisis by comparing the output trajectory that would have prevailed without the crisis with the observed and revised gross domestic product projections for the medium term. The fall in private investment was the main driver of the output cost. Even if private investment recovers its pre-crisis levels, there is a permanent loss in gross domestic product per capita of about 2 percent with respect to the scenario without the crisis. The paper shows how the shock to investment is magnified due to the capital-intensive nature of the Egyptian economy: if the economy had the traditionally-used share of labor in income (40 percent), the output loss would have been reduced by half.

Access to Finance --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Capital accumulation --- Capital outflow --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- GDP --- Global economy --- Gross domestic product --- Gross domestic product per capita --- Investment Capital --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National income --- Private investment --- Private Sector Development

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The literature on the relationship between economic diversification and development has grown rapidly in recent years, partly due to the surprising finding that diversification rises with gross domestic product per capita up to a certain point. Export diversification along the extensive margin is inextricable from the introduction of new export products. The authors test the hypothesis that the threat of imitation inhibits the introduction of new exports - export discoveries - under the assumption that the intensive and extensive margins of exports are correlated within broad country-industry groups. Econometric evidence from panel-data techniques that are appropriate for count data (the number of discoveries) suggests that discoveries within countries and industries rise with the growth of exports along the intensive margin (relative to the growth of non-export gross domestic product) but the magnitude of this partial correlation increases with domestic barriers to entry and with customs delays in exporting. However, the magnification effect of barriers to entry appears to be less significant as a determinant of total within-country export discoveries. This is consistent with inter-industry and within-country spillovers related to export discoveries, implying that barriers to entry enhance the effect of export growth on discoveries within country-industries but total discoveries might be unaffected by barriers to entry.

Barriers to entry --- Comparative advantage --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Export growth --- Exports --- Future research --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Gross domestic product --- Gross domestic product per capita --- Growth policy --- Growth rate --- Income levels --- Industrialization --- International trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets and Market Access --- Net exports --- Patents --- Private Sector Development --- Production costs --- Profitability --- Regression analysis --- Structural change --- Transport --- Water Resources --- Water Resources Assessment

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Indian gross domestic product per capita increased rapidly between 2001 and 2006 in a climate of increasing services trade, with the export-oriented services sector responsible for rising shares of growth in gross domestic product. Due to its contribution to aggregate economic growth, there is a great need for empirical examination of the distributional consequences of this growth, especially in light of the challenges in obtaining theoretical solutions that can be generalized. This paper fills this gap in the literature by using a global simulation model to examine how sensitive factor incomes across different industries may have been to the historical changes in India's services exports and imports, and provides insight on the distribution of the national income growth attributable to the expansion of the services industry. Rent on capital in the service sector and wages of all workers would have increased as a result of greater services trade in this period, while income from capital specific to agriculture and manufacturing would have declined. The factors involved with the urban-based services sector may thus benefit from the services trade growth, while the total factor income involved in rural agriculture may decline.

Agriculture --- Economic Theory & Research --- Elasticity --- Elasticity of substitution --- Emerging Markets --- Equilibrium --- Exports --- GDP --- GDP per capita --- Gross domestic product --- Gross domestic product per capita --- Growth theories --- ICT Policy and Strategies --- Information and Communication Technologies --- International Economics and Trade --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- National income --- Private Sector Development --- Product differentiation --- Production functions --- Real gdp --- Social Protections and Labor --- Statistical analyses --- Telecommunications --- Trade barriers --- Trade Policy --- Transactions costs --- Value added --- Wages

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The book comprises a selection of papers addressing some of the most relevant challenges and opportunities for addressing SDGs from many different perspectives. Papers in this collection cover the most recent lines and approaches of research in addressing SDGs and are all novel propositions that deepen the analysis of environmental, social and governance strategies in the adaptation of the society to meet the 17 SDGs.

Development economics & emerging economies --- ecological footprint --- environmental performance of SMEs --- 2030 Agenda --- sustainable development goals (SDGs) --- systemic sustainability analysis --- SDG targets prioritization --- sustainability --- project management --- scheduling --- public infrastructures --- Z-fuzzy number --- sustainable development goals --- facilitating factors --- implementation --- regional and local planning --- Norway --- capability assessment --- business incubator --- maturity model --- Thailand --- agro-food business --- small and medium enterprise (SME) --- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) --- Agenda 2030 --- regime analysis --- United Nations Sustainable Development Goals --- ecosystem services --- forest --- forestry --- management practices --- European Green Deal --- sustainable development --- financing --- impact fund --- sustainable urban drainage systems --- green infrastructures --- stormwater green infrastructure --- Mediterranean climate --- arid climate --- template climate --- Spain --- hazardous waste shipment --- network analysis --- gross domestic product per capita --- disposal --- proximity principle --- self-sufficiency principle --- complex systems --- industrial ecology --- urban-industrial symbiosis --- urban-industrial systems --- urban metabolism --- ecosystem service --- observational scale --- trade-off --- hot/cold-spot --- Ussuri watershed --- country risk --- developing economies --- governance --- institutional quality --- low-income countries --- SDGs --- community empowerment --- energy transition --- rural depopulation --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) --- ecological footprint --- environmental performance of SMEs --- 2030 Agenda --- sustainable development goals (SDGs) --- systemic sustainability analysis --- SDG targets prioritization --- sustainability --- project management --- scheduling --- public infrastructures --- Z-fuzzy number --- sustainable development goals --- facilitating factors --- implementation --- regional and local planning --- Norway --- capability assessment --- business incubator --- maturity model --- Thailand --- agro-food business --- small and medium enterprise (SME) --- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) --- Agenda 2030 --- regime analysis --- United Nations Sustainable Development Goals --- ecosystem services --- forest --- forestry --- management practices --- European Green Deal --- sustainable development --- financing --- impact fund --- sustainable urban drainage systems --- green infrastructures --- stormwater green infrastructure --- Mediterranean climate --- arid climate --- template climate --- Spain --- hazardous waste shipment --- network analysis --- gross domestic product per capita --- disposal --- proximity principle --- self-sufficiency principle --- complex systems --- industrial ecology --- urban-industrial symbiosis --- urban-industrial systems --- urban metabolism --- ecosystem service --- observational scale --- trade-off --- hot/cold-spot --- Ussuri watershed --- country risk --- developing economies --- governance --- institutional quality --- low-income countries --- SDGs --- community empowerment --- energy transition --- rural depopulation --- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)