Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Recorded remittances to Africa have grown dramatically over the past decade. Yet data limitations still mean relatively little is known about which migrants remit, how much they remit, and how their remitting behavior varies with gender, education, income levels, and duration abroad. This paper constructs the most comprehensive remittance database on immigrants in the OECD currently available, containing microdata on more than 12,000 African immigrants. Using this microdata the authors establish several basic facts about the remitting patterns of Africans, and then explore how key characteristics of policy interest relate to remittance behavior. Africans are found to remit twice as much on average as migrants from other developing countries, and those from poorer African countries are more likely to remit than those from richer African countries. Male migrants remit more than female migrants, particularly among those with a spouse remaining in the home country; more-educated migrants remit more than less educated migrants; and although the amount remitted increases with income earned, the gradient is quite flat over a large range of income. Finally, there is little evidence that the amount remitted decays with time spent abroad, with reductions in the likelihood of remitting offset by increases in the amount remitted conditional on remitting.

Brain drain --- Consequences of migration --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Educated migrants --- Female migrants --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gross National Income --- Health --- Home countries --- Immigrants --- International Economics and Trade --- International Migration --- International policy --- Labor force --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Migration flows --- Nutrition and Population --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Respect --- Spouse

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Verification differentiates results-based financing (RBF) from other health-financing mechanisms, and it is considered an important process of RBF program design and implementation. Despite the vital role it plays in RBF, not much has been written about verification as a process, and information about different elements of the process, frequency, cost, and direct and indirect effects among others, is scarce. Panama's Health Protection for Vulnerable Populations Program (PSPV) uses an RBF mechanism to deliver health services to the country's rural poor. As in many RBF schemes, a major component of the PSPV is the verification of results. This study focuses on PSPV's verification process, highlights its results and their application, and identifies lessons learned. Such information is useful to policy makers and technical experts interested in or designing RBF mechanisms.

Access to Health Services --- Breast Cancer --- Children --- Databases --- Diabetes --- Equity --- Family Planning --- Financial Management --- Gross National Income --- Health --- Health Information --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Outcomes --- Health Professionals --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Human Resources --- Incentives --- Infant Mortality --- Information Technology --- Innovation --- Internet --- Knowledge --- Maternal Mortality --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- Nutrition --- Physicians --- Poverty Reduction --- Pregnancy --- Protocols --- Quality Control --- Software --- Tuberculosis --- Waste --- Weight

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This report looks at the growth poles policy in Romania to determine ways to increase its effectiveness and efficiency for the next programming cycle (2014-2020). The growth poles policy in Romania has been initiated in 2008, as a means to support a balanced economic development of the country, while still targeting investments to maximize economic impact. A total of seven growth poles have been designated and are currently supported as such, via an integrated development plan designed for each. In an effort respond to all the above the Romanian Ministry of Regional Development and Public Administration (MRDPA) has engaged with the World Bank in a broader advisory services partnership implemented between 2012-2013. The current review is a result of this joint work. The report is grouped into three main parts. The first part sets out the context of analysis, including a brief presentation of growth poles policy objectives as well as the European policy context, and conceptual debates in which it is framed. The second part includes a set of recommendations regarding the growth poles policy for the next programming cycle (2014-2020). The third part includes an analysis of each of the growth poles, presenting specific recommendations for each.

Accountability --- Brownfields --- Business Environment --- Capacity Building --- City Development Strategies --- Climate Change --- Collective Action --- Data Collection --- Demographics --- Development Policy --- Economic Development --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Efficiency --- Environment --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Governance --- Gross Domestic Product --- Gross National Income --- Housing --- Human Development Index --- Job Creation --- Living Standards --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Economy --- Migration --- Mobility --- National Governance --- Quality of Life --- Respect --- Technical Assistance --- Tertiary Education --- Transport --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Development --- Urban Sprawl --- Youth

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Nicaragua, a largely urban country (56 percent of the population lives in urban areas), is one of the least populous (5.53 million) and poorest countries in CentralAmerica. Following reforms in the 1980s, Nicaragua made remarkable progress in gender equity in education and the labor force, while the wide availability of primary health care initiated in the 1970's, including family planning services, led to improvements in infant and child mortality rates. Several lessons emerge from Nicaragua's success at reducing fertility. The government was committed to gender equity and female empowerment through educating girls and women and recruiting women into the labor force. Family planning services were provided within a well functioning primary health care system, including an extensive, efficient contraceptive distribution network that works with international donors, and international and national Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) to offer women a good mix of options. Demand must be created through a timely public education campaign. Success requires civic engagement with stakeholders, which may initially mean avoiding unnecessary confrontation and publicity of services for addressing the concerns of more conservative stakeholders.

Abortion --- Access to Education --- Access to Health Services --- Adolescent Health --- Adolescents --- Birth Control --- Cash Crops --- Child Health --- Child Mortality --- Civil Society Organizations --- Demographics --- Disasters --- Domestic Violence --- Drugs --- Educational Attainment --- Family Planning --- Fertility --- Gender --- Gross National Income --- Health Education --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Immunizations --- Infant Mortality --- Labor Market --- Life Expectancy --- Market Economy --- Measles --- Natural Disasters --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Pharmacies --- Pregnancy --- Primary Education --- Public Health --- Quality of Life --- Reproductive Health --- Secondary Education --- Sex Education --- Unions --- Urban Areas --- World Health Organization

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

This brief focuses on the period of displacement and seeks to outline the impact of refugees on neighboring countries, including the developmental implications of forced displacement. The study has two main sections. The first section describes trends in the distribution of refugees in asylum countries. A series of graphs and tables highlights the fact that the largest percentage of refugees is found in countries neighboring their country of origin, most of which are middle-income countries. The second section discusses how neighboring countries that host refugees for protracted periods experience long-term economic, social, political, and environmental impacts. Furthermore, it also shows that in terms of the impacts and the opportunities that the presence of refugees create, there can be winners and losers among both the displaced and their hosts. Finally, this brief presents examples of global experience of development interventions that have focused on mitigating the negative aspects of large-scale and protracted displacement and strengthening the productive capacities of refugees in host countries.

Armed Forces --- Asylum --- Civil Conflict --- Climate Change --- Conflict and Development --- Conflict Resolution --- Debt --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Domestic Violence --- Economic Opportunities --- Education --- Education For All --- Employment Opportunities --- Gross National Income --- Groundwater --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Host Countries --- Household Income --- Human Rights --- International Cooperation --- Literacy --- Low-Income Countries --- Natural Resources --- Needs Assessment --- Organized Crime --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Purchasing Power --- Refugees --- Rehabilitation --- Remittances --- Rule of Law --- Rural Development --- Sanitation --- Skilled Workers --- Social Capital --- Social Cohesion --- Social Development --- Street Children --- Terrorism --- Unemployment --- United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees --- Universities --- Urban Areas --- Urban Development --- Urbanization