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Accelerating the transition to net zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is urgently required to contain the risks of climate change. As countries seek to reduce GHG emissions, they can employ or reform a wide range of policy instruments. This report tracks how explicit carbon prices, energy taxes and subsidies have evolved between 2018 and 2021.
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"The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an offset mechanism designed to reduce the overall cost of implementing a given global target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in industrialized "Annex B" countries of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses various ways in which CDM projects do not imply full offset of emissions, thus leading to an overall increase in global GHG emissions when considering the Annex-B emissions increase allowed by the offsets. The authors focus on two ways in which this may occur: baseline manipulation; and leakage. Baseline manipulation may result when agents that carry out CDM projects have incentives to increase their initial (or baseline) emissions in order to optimize the value of CDM credits. Leakage occurs because reductions in emissions under a CDM project may affect market equilibrium in local and/or global energy and product markets, and thereby increase emissions elsewhere. Remedies against these problems are discussed. Such remedies are more obvious for the baseline problem (where one is simply to choose an exogenous baseline independent of the project) than for the leakage problem (which is difficult to prevent, and where a prediction of the effect must rely on information about overall market equilibrium effects). "--World Bank web site.
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International Cooperative Initiatives (ICIs) could hold significant promise for closing the global emissions gap between a pathway to a 2°C warming limit and current national emission reduction pledges. This report examines a selection of these ICIs to explore their potential for delivering additional greenhouse gas mitigation and for raising ambition at national and international levels. It concludes that there are a range of ICIs already making an important contribution. Many have potential to scale-up their activities and could offer promising new channels for public climate finance.
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"The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an offset mechanism designed to reduce the overall cost of implementing a given global target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in industrialized "Annex B" countries of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses various ways in which CDM projects do not imply full offset of emissions, thus leading to an overall increase in global GHG emissions when considering the Annex-B emissions increase allowed by the offsets. The authors focus on two ways in which this may occur: baseline manipulation; and leakage. Baseline manipulation may result when agents that carry out CDM projects have incentives to increase their initial (or baseline) emissions in order to optimize the value of CDM credits. Leakage occurs because reductions in emissions under a CDM project may affect market equilibrium in local and/or global energy and product markets, and thereby increase emissions elsewhere. Remedies against these problems are discussed. Such remedies are more obvious for the baseline problem (where one is simply to choose an exogenous baseline independent of the project) than for the leakage problem (which is difficult to prevent, and where a prediction of the effect must rely on information about overall market equilibrium effects). "--World Bank web site.
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"Controlling the level of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is a rapidly growing area of commercial activity. While debate continues both about the impact of greenhouse gas on climate and the role humans play in influencing its concentration, engineers are faced with less controversial questions of how to manage this uncertainty and how to control greenhouse gases at a minimum cost to society. This book gives a concise review of current knowledge required for engineers to develop strategies to help us manage and adapt to climate change. It has been developed from the author's graduate course in environmental engineering. It is written without technical jargon so as to be accessible to a wide range of students and policymakers who do not necessarily have scientific or engineering backgrounds. Appendices allow readers to calculate for themselves the impact of the various strategies, and the book contains student exercises and references for further reading"--
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The tradable permits instrument has recently received increased attention from authorities in charge of limiting the emissions of various pollutants. This interest is growing considerably, particularly in Europe, since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol (December 1997) which allows for the trading of rights to emit greenhouse gases. This doctoral dissertation investigates the tradable emission permits instrument by studying the impact of some of its key design features which have not been analyzed until now. From our theoretical and empirical analyses, we derive the following three main policy-oriented results. First, the presence of intermediaries (market makers) on the market for permits has an impact on trades and on the total number of permits to be allocated by the environmental agency. Consequently, the expected microstructure of markets for emission permits must be taken into account when designing such a system. This proves to be particularly important under non-competitive microstructures and under incomplete information on the polluters technology, features which are very likely to characterize the introduction of a program. Second, in the context of climate change, treaties among nations must be signed on a voluntary basis since no supranational authority is able to impose such international agreements. Therefore, no country or group of countries should be worse off under a world tradable permit system limiting emissions of greenhouse gas than under a non cooperative situation, i.e. the agreement needs to be individually or coalitionally rational. We find that, even when such a realistic requirement is taken into account, long term allocations of greenhouse gases emission permits may to some extent be driven by equity principles. Third, the Kyoto Protocol allows countries to carry over unused permits from one commitment period to the next. Such a banking provision has a crucial impact on the price of the permits during the Kyoto commitment period (2008-2012). Moreover, it leads to substantial cost savings, provided post-Kyoto commitments are negotiated early.Keywords : Tradable Permits, Microstructure, Climate Change Les permis démission négociables ont récemment connu un regain dintérêt par les autorités en charge de la limitation des émissions de divers polluants. Cet intérêt a cru considérablement, particulièrement en Europe, depuis la signature du Protocole de Kyoto (décembre 1997) qui autorise léchange de droits démettre des gaz à effet de serre. Cette thèse sintéresse à linstrument permis démission négociables et analyse limpact de plusieurs de ses caractéristiques majeures qui nont pas été étudiées jusquà présent. De nos recherches théoriques et empiriques se dégagent une série de résultats dont les trois suivants sont susceptibles daider les décideurs en la matière. En premier lieu, la présence dintermédiaires (teneurs de marché) sur le marché des permis a un impact sur les échanges de permis et sur le nombre de permis que lautorité doit allouer. En conséquence, la microstructure attendue des marchés de permis démission doit être prise en compte lors de la conception dun tel système. Cela savère particulièrement important en présence de microstructures non-concurrentielles et dinformation incomplète sur la technologie des producteurs, ce qui est généralement le cas lors de lintroduction dun programme. En deuxième lieu, dans le contexte des changements climatiques, les traités internationaux doivent être signés de manière volontaire par les nations parce quaucune autorité supranationale nest capable dimposer de tels accords. Dès lors, aucun pays ou groupe de pays ne doit se retrouver moins bien avec un système international de limitation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre quen labsence dun tel système ; en dautres termes, laccord international doit être individuellement rationnel ou même rationnel au sens des coalitions. Nous trouvons que, même lorsquune telle contrainte est prise en compte, lallocation de permis démission entre pays dans le long terme peut néanmoins être guidée par des considérations déquité. En troisième lieu, le Protocole de Kyoto autorise les pays à reporter à une période ultérieure des permis démission inutilisés. Une telle possibilité dépargner des permis a un impact déterminant sur le prix des permis durant la période dengagement 2008-2012 (Kyoto). De plus, cette possibilité permet de diminuer significativement les coûts de réduction des émissions, pour autant que des engagements post-Kyoto soient négociés rapidement. Mots-Clés : Permis négociables, Microstructure, Changements climatiques
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This licentiate thesis by Igor Cruz explores the utilization of industrial excess heat (IEH) from an energy systems perspective, focusing on the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. The study aims to improve energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by recovering and utilizing IEH. It presents methods to analyze industrial processes, creating detailed profiles of excess heat and evaluating the potential for electricity generation using organic Rankine cycles (ORC). The research compares the profitability and emissions impact of ORC electricity generation versus small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) production across different energy markets. The study concludes that ORC systems are economically viable and offer significant gains in energy efficiency and emissions reduction. The intended audience includes researchers, industry professionals, and policymakers interested in sustainable energy solutions.
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