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Neighbourhood landscapes are the quintessential forms of urban landscapes in most cities worldwide. They are pervasive, and hence experienced by the large majority of urban dwellers in their everyday life. More than parks, nature reserves or nature areas which are visited as destinations, neighbourhood landscapes provide the most immediate, frequent and convenient form of nature experienced by urban dwellers on a daily basis. They are also valuable as social spaces to bring residents together, foster social ties, and strengthen communities. Despite their importance, surprisingly little has been written to guide the planning and design of neighbourhood landscapes. This book is written for a specific purpose, to illustrate how the design of neighbourhood landscapes helps to deliver more benefits for urban dwellers and, at the same time, protect ecosystems that facilitate human well-being. This is in turn important as the synergistic relationships between human well-being, quality of biophysical urban environment, and health of human–environment interactions fundamentally underpin urban sustainability. The authors emphasize the role neighbourhood landscapes play in forging connections between people and nature, people and people, and people and place. Most of all, the book highlights the role of focusing on people in this endeavour, as it is only when landscapes are appropriately designed, and when people recognize these benefits, that they become valued and protected as a community resource. This book is organized into two parts. Part 1 focuses on the conceptual foundations that underpin the neighbourhood landscape design guidelines being developed. In this section, the authors describe the key concepts relating functions of neighbourhood landscapes to the key urban development goals of sustainability, liveability and reliance; how they can be represented in a framework; and how a synthesis of current knowledge of cities as socio-ecological systems helps to identify principles that can guide the designing of neighbourhood landscapes. Part 2 is more application focused, and is centred on neighbourhood landscape design guidelines inspired by the concept of ecosystem services. The guidelines consist of design approaches, practical strategies, design targets and performance monitoring indicators for tracking the performance of neighbourhood landscapes. The book is written for readers in academia and design practice, and anyone who has a role in shaping neighbourhood landscapes for the benefit of urban dwellers.

Urban Landscapes --- Irrigation --- Urban Areas --- Neighbourhoods --- Environmental Education --- Aesthetic Values --- Living Spaces --- Biodiversity --- Heat Mitigation --- Noise Abatement --- Landscape Design --- Nature --- Soil Quality Maintenance --- Social Relations --- Storm and Domestic Waste Water Treatment --- Flood Hazard Mitigation --- People --- Neighbourhood Landscape --- Water Cycling --- Ecology --- Nutrient Cycling --- Landscape Development --- Green Spaces --- Landscape Services --- Erosion Control --- Recreational Spaces --- Open Spaces --- Sense of Place --- Recreation --- Typology --- Parks

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Numerous studies indicate an accelerated growth of forest trees, induced by ongoing climate change. Similar trends were recently found for urban trees in major cities worldwide. Studies frequently report about substantial effects of climate change and the urban heat island effect (UHI) on plant growth. The combined effects of increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extended growing season lengths, in addition to increasing nitrogen deposition and higher CO2 concentrations, can increase but also reduce plant growth. Closely related to this, the multiple functions and services provided by urban trees may be modified. Urban trees generate numerous ecosystem services, including carbon storage, mitigation of the heat island effect, reduction of rainwater runoff, pollutant filtering, recreation effects, shading, and cooling. The quantity of the ecosystem services is often closely associated with the species, structure, age, and size of the tree as well as with a tree’s vitality. Therefore, greening cities, and particularly planting trees, seems to be an effective option to mitigate climate change and the UHI. The focus of this Special Issue is to underline the importance of trees as part of the urban green areas for major cities in all climate zones. Empirical as well as modeling studies of urban tree growth and their services and disservices in cities worldwide are included. Articles about the dynamics, structures, and functions of urban trees as well as the influence of climate and climate change on urban tree growth, urban species composition, carbon storage, and biodiversity are also discussed.

green spaces --- urban heat island --- Landsat TM --- human health --- root:shoot ratio --- choice experiment --- urban trees --- BVOC emission --- climate change --- urbanity --- urbanization --- sustainability --- drought stress --- ecosystem disservices --- tree growth --- Greenway --- oxides --- hot arid urban climate --- carbon sequestration --- abundance --- landscape planning --- bud break --- urban microclimate --- tree competition --- urban forest --- allergenic potential --- sampling plots --- climate change implications --- ecosystem modeling --- preferences --- urban parks --- basal area --- urban tree growth --- air pollution removal --- environmental quality --- species richness --- surface temperature --- drought --- growing season --- air pollution --- ecosystem services --- biomass allocation

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The field of design and health, formerly known as the domain of healthcare design professionals, has now reached a turning point with the proliferation of a plethora of non-invasive wearable technologies, to provide the objective and near-real-time measurement of the impact of many features of the built environment on aspects of health, wellbeing and performance. In turn, new materials and the Internet of Things are allowing the development of smart buildings, which can interact with occupants to optimize their health, wellbeing, performance and overall experience. Companies that have previously focused on positioning themselves as “green” are now turning to positioning themselves in the marketplace as both green and healthy. This Special Issue will include articles that address new cutting edge technologies and materials at the interface between design and health, and review some of the latest findings related to studies which use these technologies. This SI will also suggest exciting future directions for the field. It will include articles which focus on the objective data gathered to document the effects of the built environment on health. Importantly, it will focus on the use of innovative methods of measurement, such as state-of-the-art wearable and environmental sensors, quantifying some aspects of health, such as stress and relaxation responses, activity, posture, sleep quality, cognitive performance and wellbeing outcomes. It will also examine the impacts of different elements of the built environment on these health and wellbeing outcomes. The published articles will focus on the design interventions informed by these measurements, along with innovative integrated building materials that can shape the design of built environments for better health, productivity, and performance. It will also address the return on investment (ROI) of such design interventions. This Special Issue will provide both the foundational knowledge and fundamentals for characterizing human health and wellbeing in the built environment, as well as the emerging trends and design methods for innovations in this field.

Research & information: general --- lifestyle --- mood states --- perceived restorativeness scale --- positive and negative affect schedule --- quality of life --- resilience --- restorative outcome scale --- Shinrin-yoku --- stress coping --- subjective vitality scale --- open spaces 2 --- CKD 3 --- renal function --- exercise --- obesity --- urban environment --- walkability --- active transportation --- college students --- supportive soundscape --- sonic environment --- nursing homes --- ageing --- dementia --- green spaces --- cardiovascular risk factors --- gender --- hypercholesterolemia --- hypertension --- diabetes --- bamboo forest therapy --- psychological responses --- physiological responses --- immune system --- violent crime --- urban parks --- greenspace --- green space --- scoping review --- systematic review --- literature review --- urban --- landscape --- brain --- visual --- green --- contemplative --- mental health --- well-being --- FAA --- EEG --- UGS --- depression --- human health --- built environment --- urban open space --- forest healing --- wellbeing --- psychology --- physiology

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The field of design and health, formerly known as the domain of healthcare design professionals, has now reached a turning point with the proliferation of a plethora of non-invasive wearable technologies, to provide the objective and near-real-time measurement of the impact of many features of the built environment on aspects of health, wellbeing and performance. In turn, new materials and the Internet of Things are allowing the development of smart buildings, which can interact with occupants to optimize their health, wellbeing, performance and overall experience. Companies that have previously focused on positioning themselves as “green” are now turning to positioning themselves in the marketplace as both green and healthy. This Special Issue will include articles that address new cutting edge technologies and materials at the interface between design and health, and review some of the latest findings related to studies which use these technologies. This SI will also suggest exciting future directions for the field. It will include articles which focus on the objective data gathered to document the effects of the built environment on health. Importantly, it will focus on the use of innovative methods of measurement, such as state-of-the-art wearable and environmental sensors, quantifying some aspects of health, such as stress and relaxation responses, activity, posture, sleep quality, cognitive performance and wellbeing outcomes. It will also examine the impacts of different elements of the built environment on these health and wellbeing outcomes. The published articles will focus on the design interventions informed by these measurements, along with innovative integrated building materials that can shape the design of built environments for better health, productivity, and performance. It will also address the return on investment (ROI) of such design interventions. This Special Issue will provide both the foundational knowledge and fundamentals for characterizing human health and wellbeing in the built environment, as well as the emerging trends and design methods for innovations in this field.

lifestyle --- mood states --- perceived restorativeness scale --- positive and negative affect schedule --- quality of life --- resilience --- restorative outcome scale --- Shinrin-yoku --- stress coping --- subjective vitality scale --- open spaces 2 --- CKD 3 --- renal function --- exercise --- obesity --- urban environment --- walkability --- active transportation --- college students --- supportive soundscape --- sonic environment --- nursing homes --- ageing --- dementia --- green spaces --- cardiovascular risk factors --- gender --- hypercholesterolemia --- hypertension --- diabetes --- bamboo forest therapy --- psychological responses --- physiological responses --- immune system --- violent crime --- urban parks --- greenspace --- green space --- scoping review --- systematic review --- literature review --- urban --- landscape --- brain --- visual --- green --- contemplative --- mental health --- well-being --- FAA --- EEG --- UGS --- depression --- human health --- built environment --- urban open space --- forest healing --- wellbeing --- psychology --- physiology

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This book is relevant to architects, urban designers, planners, and policy makers concerned with enhancing climate-sensitive urban form and planning. It discusses building and neighborhood design: layout and design features that maximize energy efficiency and thermal comfort without compromising the ability of other buildings to enjoy similar benefits; the use of interstitial spaces (piazzas, streets, and parks) to improve the microclimate at the neighbourhood-level; design intervention case studies; innovative uses of interstitial spaces to improve the local climate at the neighborhood level; and urban radiative cooling solutions to mitigate the unintended climate consequences of urban growth and suggestions for ways forward.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- Thermodynamics & heat --- cooling effect --- urban park --- thermal comfort --- physiological equivalent temperature --- perceived thermal comfort --- urban heat island --- air temperature --- sustainable cities --- smart cities --- urban health --- global warming --- urban green spaces --- sustainable urban development --- climate change mitigation and adaptation --- urban resilience  --- heatwaves --- urban overheating --- urban heat island intensity --- energy budget equation --- sensible heat flux --- latent heat flux --- advective heat flux --- Australian climatic conditions --- coastal cities --- desert climate --- surface urban heat island effect --- land use/land cover --- partial least square regression --- nonlinear programming --- Shanghai --- China --- urban form --- urban microclimate design --- city --- sustainability --- sustainable development --- cool roof --- passive radiative cooling --- metamaterials --- prototype --- cooling effect --- urban park --- thermal comfort --- physiological equivalent temperature --- perceived thermal comfort --- urban heat island --- air temperature --- sustainable cities --- smart cities --- urban health --- global warming --- urban green spaces --- sustainable urban development --- climate change mitigation and adaptation --- urban resilience  --- heatwaves --- urban overheating --- urban heat island intensity --- energy budget equation --- sensible heat flux --- latent heat flux --- advective heat flux --- Australian climatic conditions --- coastal cities --- desert climate --- surface urban heat island effect --- land use/land cover --- partial least square regression --- nonlinear programming --- Shanghai --- China --- urban form --- urban microclimate design --- city --- sustainability --- sustainable development --- cool roof --- passive radiative cooling --- metamaterials --- prototype