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Vertical price control and parallel imports : theory and evidence
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Year: 2000 Publisher: Washington, DC : World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade,

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Parallel imports are genuine products brought into a country without the authorization of the copyright, patent, or trademark owner. Countries vary considerably in their legal treatment of parallel imports, as determined by their choice of exhaustion doctrine. A new model analyzes parallel imports as a response to vertical pricing arrangements between a rights holder ("manufacturer") and a foreign distributor.

Parallel imports in Asia
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ISBN: 9041121145 9789041121141 Year: 2004 Publisher: The Hague Kluwer Law International

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Parallel imports of pharmaceutical products in the European Union
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Year: 2001 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade,

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Parallel imports are legitimately produced goods imported legally into a country without the authorization of a trademark, copyright, or patent holder. In the European Union, so long as a pharmaceutical manufacturer has placed a good on the market voluntarily, the principle of free movement of goods allows individuals or firms within the EU to trade goods across borders without the consent of the producer. What is the effect of these parallel imports?


Book
Les importations parallèles dans l'Union européenne : la recherche d'un équilibre entre liberté et protection
Authors: ---
ISBN: 2874553891 2874558370 9782874553899 Year: 2012 Publisher: [Place of publication not identified] Anthemis

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Parallel trade in Europe : intellectual property, competition and regulatory law
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ISBN: 1472563913 1281082600 9786611082604 1847313612 Year: 2007 Publisher: Oxford ; Portland, Oregon : Hart Publishing,

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"Are parallel importers the key to free trade, breaking down long-established national barriers for the benefit of all? Or do they instead just operate in a dubious 'grey market' for their own profit, free-loading on the investment of innovators and brand owners to the ultimate detriment of everyone? Parallel trade is in turn lionised and demonised, both in legal commentary and in the mainstream press. As one might expect, the truth lies somewhere between these extremes. Once goods have been manufactured they are put onto the market in one country by the manufacturer. Parallel trade occurs when the goods are subsequently transferred to a second country by another party (the parallel trader, who may be the end consumer). The distinguishing feature of parallel trade is that the manufacturer did not intend those particular goods to end up in the second country. The goods are normally described in that country as 'parallel imports' or 'grey market goods'. The latter term is generally used to suggest that the trade, while not exactly 'black market', is not entirely lawful either. Understanding how European Community law operates to permit or restrict parallel trade involves exploring a complex matrix of rules from the fields of free movement, intellectual property, competition and regulatory law, including both private and public enforcement regimes. Where goods are parallel imported from outside the Community these rules change and new considerations come into play, such as obligations arising from the European Economic Area, the World Trade Organization and bilateral free trade agreements. The experience of Europe, which has grappled with the issues on a regional basis for more than four decades, provides a fertile source for examination of parallel trade in other jurisdictions. Christopher Stothers' comprehensive treatment successfully analyses this difficult topic, considering both Community and national decisions."--Bloomsbury Publishing.


Dissertation
Mémoire
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Since decades, manufacturers and their authorized distributors try to fight the activities of what we call the Gray marketers. These “parasites” are unauthorized distributors selling goods through channels not approved by the product manufacturer or trademark owner. Their negatives consequences for the supplier and its intermediaries can be multiples. Thus, the company Olivia Garden -in which we do our internship- would like to dig into the subject in order to have a first point of view of the solutions that could exist to reduce the online Gray market activities in its field.&#13;In this thesis, we define and analyse the context of Gray market, in order to present the different strategies existing to counter it. We also take into account the European laws about competition to determine what solutions can be considered legal. Although different authors in this century have proposed different strategies on the subject, each of these are complex. Indeed, reducing the activities of Gray marketers requires large investments and high risk taking for a company. In addition, there are many legal obstacles in Europe. &#13;Based on this understanding of the subject, we analyse how important it is for Olivia Garden to act against these unauthorized distributors. At the firm’s request, we focus on the markets of France and Germany as they are distributing their products quite differently. Thus, a market price analysis based on 9 web shops for each country shows a significant problem of easy access to products for unauthorized distributors as well as problems of divergent pricing in the market. We then decide to conduct a survey among 25 sales representatives of Olivia Garden French and German distributors with a questionnaire based on the Likert scale. The aim is to define if they feel affected by the online free-riding of goods in their daily-work. With a stronger trend in France than in Germany, the results indicate that parallel imports have an impact on the work of sales representative but also on the tendency of consumers to look for promotions and discounts. &#13;To this, some extra theoretical implications, alongside future recommendations for the company, are discussed, while clearly mentioning the limitations. Depuis des décennies, les fabricants et leurs distributeurs agréés tentent de lutter contre les activités de ce que l'on appelle les "Gray marketers". Ces "parasites" sont des distributeurs non autorisés qui vendent des produits par des canaux non approuvés par le fabricant du produit ou le propriétaire de la marque. Leurs conséquences négatives pour le fournisseur et ses intermédiaires peuvent être multiples. Ainsi, l'entreprise Olivia Garden -dans laquelle nous avons effectué notre stage- souhaite creuser le sujet afin d'avoir un premier point de vue sur les solutions qui pourraient exister pour réduire les activités du marché gris sur leur marché en ligne.&#13;Dans cette thèse, nous définissons et analysons le contexte du Gray market afin de présenter les différentes stratégies existantes pour le contrer. Nous prenons également en compte les lois européennes sur la concurrence pour déterminer quelles solutions peuvent être considérées comme légales. Bien que différents auteurs de ce siècle aient proposé différentes stratégies sur le sujet, chacune d'entre elles se révèle complexe. En effet, tenter de réduire les activités de Gray marketers nécessite de gros investissements et une prise de risque élevée pour une entreprise. De plus, il existe de nombreux obstacles juridiques en Europe. &#13;Sur la base de cette compréhension du sujet, nous analysons l'importance pour Olivia Garden d'agir contre ces distributeurs non autorisés. À la demande de l'entreprise, nous nous concentrons sur les marchés français et allemand, car ils distribuent leurs produits de manière très différente. Ainsi, une analyse des prix du marché basée sur 9 boutiques en ligne pour chaque pays montre un problème important d'accès facile aux produits pour les distributeurs non autorisés ainsi que des problèmes de prix divergents sur le marché. Nous décidons alors de mener une enquête auprès de 25 représentants commerciaux des distributeurs français et allemands d'Olivia Garden avec un questionnaire basé sur l'échelle de Likert. L'objectif est de définir s'ils se sentent affectés par les prix bas offerts en ligne dans leur travail quotidien. Avec une tendance plus forte en France qu’en Allemagne, les résultats indiquent que les importations parallèles ont un impact sur le travail des représentants commerciaux mais aussi sur la tendance des consommateurs à rechercher des promotions et des remises. &#13;En outre, quelques implications théoriques et pratiques supplémentaires ainsi que des recommandations futures pour l'entreprise sont discutées, tout en mentionnant clairement les limites.


Book
Marketing channel strategy : an omni-channel approach
Authors: --- --- ---
ISBN: 1000649997 042929199X 1000650456 1138593931 9781138593930 0367262096 9780367262099 9781138593930 9780367262099 Year: 2020 Publisher: New York, New York ; London : Routledge,

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Marketing Channel Strategy: An Omni-Channel Approach is the first book on the market to offer a completely unique, updated approach to channel marketing. Palmatier and Sivadas have adapted this classic text for the modern marketing reality by building a model that shows students how to engage customers across multiple marketing channels simultaneously and seamlessly. The omni-channel is different from the multi-channel. It recognizes not only that customers access goods and services in multiple ways, but also that they are likely doing this at the same time; comparing prices on multiple websites, and seamlessly switching between mobile and desktop devices. With the strong theoretical foundation that users have come to expect, the book also offers lots of practical exercises and applications to help students understand how to design and implement omni-channel strategies in reality. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students in marketing channels, distribution channels, B2B marketing, and retailing classes will enjoy acquiring the most cutting-edge marketing skills from this book.


Periodical
Supply chain management.
Author:
ISSN: 17586852 Year: 1999 Publisher: Bradford, England : MCB University Press,


Book
Protecting the Brand : Counterfeiting and Grey Markets.
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1637421524 Year: 2021 Publisher: New York : Business Expert Press,

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Protecting the Brand, Volume I: Counterfeiting and Grey Markets is a handbook for law practitioners as well as business executives. It is a unique perspective of best practices in addressing issues around counterfeiting and grey markets - from a legal as well as a business point of view. The authors explore the threats posed by counterfeiting and grey markets to a variety of industries and illuminate what problems these may cause.


Book
Protecting the Brand : Busting the Bootlegs.
Authors: ---
ISBN: 1637422075 Year: 2022 Publisher: New York : Business Expert Press,

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Protecting the Brand, Volume II: Busting the Bootlegs follows Volume I which provides a unique combination of legal and business best practices related to intellectual property protection. This second volume showcases U.S. states specific legal statues and examples related to the legal approach to counterfeiting and grey market issues. The primary emphasis is to provide advice to U.S. companies navigating the complex domestic legislation and provide a single source of reference for both law practitioners and those tasked with intellectual property rights enforcement and compliance who need to understand the applicable state legislation. Both volumes of this book are focused on leveraging trademark enforcement while also commenting on copyright and patent enforcement, establishing a framework for successful brand protection in the future.

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