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From the Shakers to the Branch Davidians, America's communal utopians have captured the popular imagination. Seventeen original essays here demonstrate the relevance of such groups to the mainstream of American social, religious, and economic life. The contributors examine the beliefs and practices of the most prominent utopian communities founded before 1965, including the long-overlooked Catholic monastic communities and Jewish agricultural colonies. Also featured are the Ephrata Baptists, Moravians, Shakers, Harmonists, Hutterites, Inspirationists of Amana, Mormons, Owenites, Fourierists, I

Collective settlements -- United States -- History. --- Communal living -- United States -- History. --- Communitarianism -- United States. --- Communitarianism. --- Collective settlements --- United States --- History --- Communitarianism --- communitarian societies --- Colonial America --- the Shakers --- Mother Ann Lee --- George Rapp --- Harmony Society --- the New Moral World --- Robert Owen --- New Harmony --- communal life --- communal values --- the Mormons --- Brook Farm --- the Fourierist Phalanxes --- Immediatism --- Gradualism --- American Utopian Socialism --- the Community of True Inspiration --- Germany --- the Amana Colonies --- religious orders --- monastic communalism --- America --- Free Love --- John Humphrey Noyes --- the Oneida Perfectionists --- the Icarian communities --- Eric Jansson --- the Bishop Hill Colony --- Hutterism --- American Jewish agricultural colonies --- Cyrus Reed Teed --- the Koreshan Unity --- the Theosophical Communities --- Universal Brotherhood --- Father Divine --- the Peace Mission

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William Blackstone's masterpiece, 'Commentaries on the Laws of England' (1765-1769), famously took the "ungodly jumble" of English law and transformed it into an elegant and easily transportable four-volume summary. Soon after publication, the work became an international monument not only to English law, but to universal English concepts of justice and what Blackstone called "the immutable laws of good and evil." Most legal historians regard the 'Commentaries' as a brilliant application of Enlightenment reasoning to English legal history. 'Loving Justice' contends that Blackstone's work extends beyond making sense of English law to invoke emotions such as desire, disgust, sadness, embarrassment, terror, tenderness, and happiness. By enlisting an affective aesthetics to represent English law as just, Blackstone created an evocative poetics of justice whose influence persists across the Western world. In doing so, he encouraged readers to feel as much as reason their way to justice. Ultimately, Temple argues that the 'Commentaries' offers a complex map of our affective relationship to juridical culture, one that illuminates both individual and communal understandings of our search for justice, and is crucial for understanding both justice and injustice today.

Practice of law --- Law --- Law and aesthetics. --- Law. --- Justice in literature. --- Emotions in literature. --- Commentaries on the Laws of England. --- English legal history. --- Guantanamo Bay. --- Harper Lee. --- Law and Humanities. --- Nathaniel Hawes. --- Onslow v. Horne. --- Terry Lee Morris. --- Westminster Hall. --- Wollstonecraft. --- aesthetics. --- affective aesthetics. --- bodies. --- close reading. --- commodification. --- cruel optimism. --- curatorial reading. --- electric shock. --- empathy. --- empire. --- excessive subjectivity. --- gothic. --- gradualism. --- graveyard poets. --- harmonic justice. --- history of emotions. --- jury trial. --- marriage law. --- orientalism. --- peine forte et dure. --- poetics. --- poetry. --- productive melancholia. --- real property. --- sympathy. --- Psychological aspects. --- History. --- Blackstone, William, --- Commentaries on the laws of England (Blackstone, William) --- England.

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How Social Security has shaped American politics—and why it faces insolvencySince its establishment, Social Security has become the financial linchpin of American retirement. Yet demographic trends—longer lifespans and declining birthrates—mean that this popular program now pays more in benefits than it collects in revenue. Without reforms, 83 million Americans will face an immediate benefit cut of 20 percent in 2034. How did we get here and what is the solution? In Fixing Social Security, R. Douglas Arnold explores the historical role that Social Security has played in American politics, why Congress has done nothing to fix its insolvency problem for three decades, and what legislators can do to save it.What options do legislators have as the program nears the precipice? They can raise taxes, as they did in 1977, cut benefits, as they did in 1983, or reinvent the program, as they attempted in 2005. Unfortunately, every option would impose costs, and legislators are reluctant to act, fearing electoral retribution. Arnold investigates why politicians designed the system as they did and how between 1935 and 1983 they allocated—and reallocated—costs and benefits among workers, employers, and beneficiaries. He also examines public support for the program, and why Democratic and Republican representatives, once political allies in expanding Social Security, have become so deeply polarized about fixing it.As Social Security edges closer to crisis, Fixing Social Security offers a comprehensive analysis of the political fault lines and a fresh look at what can be done—before it is too late.

Social security. --- Social security --- United States. --- Actuary. --- Affirmative action. --- Amendment. --- Amplitude. --- Awareness. --- Baby boomers. --- Beneficiary (trust). --- Beneficiary. --- Bipartisan Policy Center. --- Cartesian coordinate system. --- Clean Air Act (United States). --- Committee. --- Compton wavelength. --- Consideration. --- Constant term. --- Determinant. --- Donor. --- Economic equilibrium. --- Edward Gramlich. --- Einstein–Hilbert action. --- Electromagnetic field. --- Employment. --- Environmental movement. --- Equations of motion. --- Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax. --- Financial market. --- G.I. Bill. --- Gauge theory. --- General relativity. --- Gradualism. --- Hilbert space. --- Homeland security. --- Income. --- Infant. --- Insolvency. --- Institution. --- Interview. --- Karl Rove. --- Legislation. --- Legislator. --- Life expectancy. --- Longevity. --- Magnetostatics. --- Mass–energy equivalence. --- Medicare Part B. --- Metric tensor (general relativity). --- Momentum operator. --- New Course. --- News conference. --- Optical fiber. --- Otto Kerner Jr. --- Path length. --- Pension. --- Percentage. --- Physicist. --- Point particle. --- Policy. --- Politician. --- Private sector. --- Privatization. --- Provision (accounting). --- Quantity. --- Real number. --- Reproductive rights. --- Retirement age. --- Retirement. --- Running mate. --- Scalar field. --- Severity (video game). --- Sexism. --- Social Security Administration. --- Social Security Benefits. --- Solvency. --- Special relativity. --- Spinor field. --- Supermajority. --- Tax rate. --- Tax. --- Taxable Wage Base. --- Taxpayer. --- Thomas precession. --- Time derivative. --- Tom Daschle. --- Total revenue. --- Transverse mode. --- Voting methods in deliberative assemblies. --- Wage. --- Welfare.

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Men of Bronze takes up one of the most important and fiercely debated subjects in ancient history and classics: how did archaic Greek hoplites fight, and what role, if any, did hoplite warfare play in shaping the Greek polis? In the nineteenth century, George Grote argued that the phalanx battle formation of the hoplite farmer citizen-soldier was the driving force behind a revolution in Greek social, political, and cultural institutions. Throughout the twentieth century scholars developed and refined this grand hoplite narrative with the help of archaeology. But over the past thirty years scholars have criticized nearly every major tenet of this orthodoxy. Indeed, the revisionists have persuaded many specialists that the evidence demands a new interpretation of the hoplite narrative and a rewriting of early Greek history. Men of Bronze gathers leading scholars to advance the current debate and bring it to a broader audience of ancient historians, classicists, archaeologists, and general readers. After explaining the historical context and significance of the hoplite question, the book assesses and pushes forward the debate over the traditional hoplite narrative and demonstrates why it is at a crucial turning point. Instead of reaching a consensus, the contributors have sharpened their differences, providing new evidence, explanations, and theories about the origin, nature, strategy, and tactics of the hoplite phalanx and its effect on Greek culture and the rise of the polis. The contributors include Paul Cartledge, Lin Foxhall, John Hale, Victor Davis Hanson, Donald Kagan, Peter Krentz, Kurt Raaflaub, Adam Schwartz, Anthony Snodgrass, Hans van Wees, and Gregory Viggiano.

Armor, Ancient --- Weapons, Ancient --- Soldiers --- Military art and science --- Ancient weapons --- Arms and armor, Ancient --- Armed Forces personnel --- Members of the Armed Forces --- Military personnel --- Military service members --- Service members --- Servicemen, Military --- Armed Forces --- Fighting --- Military power --- Military science --- Warfare --- Warfare, Primitive --- Naval art and science --- War --- Ancient armor --- History --- Greece --- al-Yūnān --- Ancient Greece --- Ellada --- Ellas --- Ellēnikē Dēmokratia --- Elliniki Dimokratia --- Grčija --- Grèce --- Grecia --- Gret︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- Griechenland --- Hellada --- Hellas --- Hellenic Republic --- Hellēnikē Dēmokratia --- Kingdom of Greece --- République hellénique --- Royaume de Grèce --- Vasileion tēs Hellados --- Xila --- Yaṿan --- Yūnān --- Ελληνική Δημοκρατία --- Ελλάς --- Ελλάδα --- Греция --- اليونان --- يونان --- 希腊 --- History, Military --- Aristotle. --- Assyrian army. --- Etruscan Bomarzo shield. --- Greek culture. --- Greek history. --- Greek hoplites. --- Greek infantry. --- Greek mercenaries. --- Greek military history. --- Greek social status. --- Greek soldiers. --- Greek state. --- Greek values. --- Greek warfare. --- Homeric epics. --- Homeric warfare. --- Oriental influence. --- Persian army. --- Politics. --- The Other Greeks. --- The Western Way of War. --- agrarianism. --- ancient Greece. --- ancient Greek warfare. --- archaeology. --- archaic Greek arms. --- archaic Greeks. --- chronological framework. --- citizen-soldier. --- citizen-soldiers. --- double-grip shield. --- early Greek hoplite warfare. --- early Greek infantry. --- economic change. --- elite landowners. --- gentlemen farmers. --- gradualism. --- grand hoplite narrative. --- hoplite armor. --- hoplite arms. --- hoplite battle. --- hoplite class. --- hoplite debate. --- hoplite equipment. --- hoplite fighting. --- hoplite formations. --- hoplite iconography. --- hoplite ideology. --- hoplite orthodoxy. --- hoplite panoply. --- hoplite reform. --- hoplite shield. --- hoplite warfare. --- hoplite weapons. --- hoplites. --- leisure class. --- literary sources. --- lyric poetry. --- mass collision. --- material culture. --- mercenary service. --- middling farmers. --- modern historians. --- phalanx. --- poetry. --- polis. --- political development. --- revisionism. --- site survey. --- small-scale farmers. --- social change. --- sociopolitical issues. --- spear. --- survey archaeology. --- survey data. --- survey projects. --- yeomen farmers. --- Military art and science - Greece - History - To 1500 - Congresses --- Soldiers - Greece - History - To 1500 - Congresses --- Armor, Ancient - Greece - Congresses --- Greece - History, Military - To 146 BC - Congresses