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In case taxation income does not suffice to finance all projects, governments are issuing bonds in order to raise money and to finance their day-to-day business. Interest rates for long-term government bonds differ within the European Union. Some member states are suffering from very high interest burden, while others are able to finance them for a relatively cheap price. A different risk term for every member state explains these discrepancies. The European Commission tries to frame member states by implementing criteria in European legislation. Unfortunately, the European Commission failed to implement automatic sanctions early. This has changed in the aftermath of the financial crisis in 2008. Nevertheless, for different reasons, no harmonisation of interest rates reflecting a country's risk can be observed. After a short description of various concepts, a statistical analysis identifies some macroeconomic indicators fro, of a broad data panel that have a significant impact on interest rates. Economic, social and political indicators are taken into account by establishing the scorecard. A linear regression points out the significant impact of the GDP, its growth rate and its breakdown per capita, besides the effect of inflation, the wage cost development, public consumption, the government's budget deficit and a country's debt-to-GDP ratio. These results allow interesting conclusions regarding different economic situations a country can find itself in. Most impacts on the long-term interest rate were recorded for the inflation rate and the GDP growth rate, followed by the wage cost development and public consumption. Except inflation, those indicators showed a negative correlation with the variable to explain. In the end, a few recommendations aim to improve European legislation in order to get a better approximation of long-term interest rates. This would give a better overview of a country’s risk among the European Union member states and would enable the European Commission to give support and tailor-made solutions to all member states.
Interest Rate --- European Union --- Government Bonds --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Finance
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The Gilt-Edged Market is specifically aimed at finance professionals and investors who need to understand the inner working of the United Kingdom gilt market. There is detailed coverage of the different gilt instruments, as well as a look at the structures, institutions and practices of the market itself.Topics include:* Bond basics* Conventional gilts* Index-linked gilts* Gilt strips* The gilt repo market* The gilt bond future basis* Yield spread trading using giltsThere are also personal reminiscenes that illustrate the great changes tha
Government securities --- Government agency securities --- Government bonds --- Public securities --- Treasuries (Securities) --- Treasury bonds --- Bonds --- Debts, Public --- Securities
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This paper sets out initial results from a new modeling exercise for Defined Contribution (DC) pensions. It develops a package called penCalc based on the open source software language R, which is popular in the academic and modeling communities. All the coding is made freely available. The tool is illustrated for India's DC National Pension System. The aim is not to present the perfect model for India, but to show how the tool works so that policy makers and regulators can see its potential advantages and develop it for their own uses. It generates scenarios for future assets and income dependent on user-defined and changeable assumptions for asset returns, contributions, wages, years in the labor force, and annuity prices, among other parameters. Assumptions can be tailored to different countries and user determined scenarios. Many extensions could be developed, which will be the subject of future work. The international context is highlighted through similar modeling by regulators and pension funds in other jurisdictions. Some of these are more complex or complete than the results in this paper, but by explaining the initial model and making the coding freely available, the authors provide a powerful yet simple and low-cost tool to be adopted and adapted.
Annuities --- Bond Market --- Equity Markets --- Forecasting --- Government Bonds --- Pension Funds --- Pensions --- Retiremnet Income --- Simulations --- Social Protections & Assistance --- Social Protections and Labor --- Stock Market --- Technology Industry --- Technology Innovation
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This publication provides comprehensive and consistent information on African central government debt statistics for the period 2003-2012. Detailed quantitative information on central government debt instruments is provided for 17 countries to meet the requirements of debt managers, other financial policy makers, and market analysts. A cross country overview on African debt management policies and country policy notes provides background information on debt issuance as well as on the institutional and regulatory framework governing debt management policy.
Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Debts, Public --- Government securities --- Government agency securities --- Government bonds --- Public securities --- Treasuries (Securities) --- Treasury bonds --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Bonds --- Securities --- Debt --- Deficit financing
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BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Finance / General --- Government securities --- Bonds --- Finance --- Business & Economics --- Investment & Speculation --- History --- History. --- Ireland --- Finance. --- Bond issues --- Debentures --- Government agency securities --- Government bonds --- Public securities --- Treasuries (Securities) --- Treasury bonds --- Irish Free State --- Negotiable instruments --- Securities --- Debts, Public --- Stocks
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A debt management system is the backbone of any sovereign debt management office. A robust, well-functioning and user-friendly system allows governments to strengthen their debt management environment. This study aims to contribute to the literature on (i) the essential requirements of a debt management system, (ii) the selection criteria for software that fits the system modernization and integration needs of a debt management office, and (iii) how the solutions currently used by governments meet those requirements. It also contains the results of a survey that shows the current landscape of solutions used by a sample of debt management offices from 31 countries. The target audience is emerging and developing countries that seek to strengthen the information technology platform they use for debt management. The study concludes that it is fundamental for a debt management system to meet the debt management office's evolving needs, while at the same time differentiating among functions and coverage that are mandatory, relevant, and desirable. This differentiation provides a helpful guide for debt managers deciding between building a tailored debt management system from scratch or purchasing an off-the-shelf system. The survey results suggest that current systems can handle the critical functions and instruments of debt management offices. However, if the nature of respondents' debt portfolios evolves over time, system limitations may present challenges. One clear takeaway is that debt managers should consider the ability of their debt management system to interact with external (for example, financial management information system) information technology platforms as an essential characteristic of their information ecosystem.
Debt --- Debt Management --- Debt Markets --- External Debt --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Government Bonds --- ICT Applications --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Information Technology --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- IT Systems --- Public Sector Development --- Software --- Sovereign Debt
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Equilibrium (Economics) --- -Bond market --- Government securities --- -Government agency securities --- Government bonds --- Public securities --- Treasuries (Securities) --- Treasury bonds --- Bonds --- Debts, Public --- Securities --- Bond markets --- Market, Bond --- Capital market --- Econometric models --- Bond market. --- Econometric models. --- -Econometric models --- Bond market --- Government agency securities --- Finlande --- Econometrie --- Conditions economiques
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Debt Management and Government Securities Markets in the 21st Century reviews recent trends in the structure of OECD government securities markets and public debt management operations, and highlights the generic structural policy issues in emerging debt markets. Over the years, OECD debt managers have developed best practices for raising, managing and retiring debt at the lowest possible price and acceptable risk, largely in the presence of persistent large deficits. New techniques have been developed to cope with the adverse consequences of running surpluses (pricing anomalies and lower liquidity in traditional benchmark markets). This report analyses the impact of advanced electronic systems on primary and secondary markets. In the future, sophisticated electronic auction systems will enable institutional investors to bid directly in auctions, thereby by-passing primary dealers. Electronic trading systems will inevitably reshape secondary fixed-income markets. Underlying these challenges is the growing number of OECD sovereign issuers granting greater independence to debt management operations, accompanied by an increased emphasis on risk assessment and risk management. The report also addresses the introduction of new instruments (index-linked bonds and derivatives), as well as policies related to investor relations.
Debts, Public -- OECD countries. --- Economics -- Public Debt. --- Government securities -- OECD countries. --- Debts, Public --- Government securities --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Government agency securities --- Government bonds --- Public securities --- Treasuries (Securities) --- Treasury bonds --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Bonds --- Securities --- Debt --- Deficit financing --- Economics --- Public Debt --- Dettes publiques --- Effets publics
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AA / International- internationaal --- 336.32 --- 333.631 --- Government securities --- Debts, Public --- 332.632 --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Government agency securities --- Government bonds --- Public securities --- Treasuries (Securities) --- Treasury bonds --- Securities --- Beheer van de rijksschuld. Road shows. --- Overheidsfondsen. Markt van de overheidsfondsen. --- Beheer van de rijksschuld. Road shows --- Overheidsfondsen. Markt van de overheidsfondsen
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This paper consolidates previous work on the development of secondary markets for government securities, and focuses on the sequencing of measures necessary for their development. Six main lessons are identified: (i) a commitment to achieving and maintaining a stable macroeconomic environment, especially prudent fiscal policy, should underpin market development; (ii) a sound and transparent public debt management strategy supports secondary market activity; (iii) a deep and diverse investor base is required; (iv) poor market infrastructure leads to high transaction costs, slow order execution, and excessive operational risk, which all inhibit trading; (v) secondary market growth is facilitated by effective monetary policy implementation; and (vi) reforms should be sequenced to ensure even development of all the structures supporting the secondary market.
Government securities. --- Secondary markets. --- Government agency securities --- Government bonds --- Public securities --- Treasuries (Securities) --- Treasury bonds --- Markets --- Bonds --- Debts, Public --- Securities --- Finance: General --- Investments: General --- Public Finance --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Investment & securities --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Government securities --- Securities markets --- Government debt management --- Public debt --- Capital market --- Financial instruments --- Mexico
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