Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Since its release in 1954, scholars have been aware of the Central Intelligence Agency’s involvement in the making of the controversial animated motion picture adaptation of George Orwell’s Animal Farm. In Orwell Subverted, Daniel Leab gives an authoritative and well-documented account of the CIA’s powerful influence on the film.Recently, a number of works have been written—notably, those by Frances Stoner Saunders and Tony Shaw—that make reference to the underlying governmental control surrounding Animal Farm. Yet there is still much speculation and confusion as to the depth of the CIA’s interference. Leab continues where these authors left off, exploring the CIA’s dominant hand through extensive research and by giving fascinating details of the agency’s overt and subtle influences on the making of the film. Leab’s thorough investigating makes use of sources that have been excluded in past accounts, such as CIA papers retrieved through the Freedom of Information Act and material from the Orwell Archive. He also incorporates the testimonials of animators John Halas and Joy Batchelor and, most significantly, the previously unexplored archive documents of Animal Farm producer Louis de Rochemont.

PERFORMING ARTS / Film & Video / History & Criticism. --- Animal Farm. --- CIA Conspiracy Theory Film. --- Censorship 1954 1950s. --- Frances Stoner Saunders. --- George Orwell. --- John Halas. --- Joy Batchelor. --- Louis de Rochemont. --- Tony Shaw. --- adaptation. --- films Government intervention. --- motion picture. --- of films Daniel Leab.

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

What policies encourage firms to become formal? The standard approach emphasizes reducing the costs of compliance with government regulation. This is unlikely to be sufficient. Instead we need to understand compliance as a function not only of firm-level costs and benefits but also in terms of the interaction between the firm and its competitors and between the firm and the state. This paper emphasizes the coordination and credibility issues involved in promoting formalization and discusses possible institutional solutions, among them business associations that make the benefits of membership dependent on compliance, information sharing arrangements among government agencies and improvements in the quality of public management.

Access to Finance --- Business associations --- E-Business --- Economic activities --- Emerging Markets --- Entrepreneurs --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Government intervention --- Information sharing --- Microfinance --- Private enterprise --- Private Sector Development --- Public policy --- Small businesses --- Small enterprise --- Union

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Food prices in international markets spiked upward in 2008, doubling or more in a matter of months. Evidence is still being compiled on policy responses over the following two years, but lessons can be learned from the price spike in 1973, the magnitude and speed of which were similar to those experienced around the 2008 spike. In developing countries, policy responses to the earlier spike lowered the (negative) nominal assistance coefficient for agriculture by one-third between 1972 and 1974 before it was returned to the same level by 1976. That was twice the extent of the fall and recovery of the (positive) nominal assistance coefficient for high-income countries. However, the trade and welfare effects of those changes were much less for developing than high-income countries, suggesting the dispersion of distortion rates among farm industries decreased in developing countries. The adjustments were virtually all due to suspension and then reinstatement of import restrictions, with changes in export taxation by developing countries playing an additional (but minor) role during 1972-74. This beggar-thy-neighbor dimension of each government's food policies is worrying because it reduces the role that trade between nations can play in bringing stability to the world's food markets. More effort appears to be needed before a multilateral agreement to desist can be reached.

Climate Change Economics --- Commodities --- Commodity --- Commodity price --- Developing countries --- Domestic market --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food price --- Food prices --- Free trade --- Government intervention --- Income --- Incomes --- Industry --- International markets --- International trade --- Low-income countries --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market failure --- Market participants --- Markets and Market Access --- Monopoly --- Price movement --- Private Sector Development --- Stabilization policies --- World markets

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

There is no doubt that on average the performance of state financial institutions around the world has been below the lowest expectations. Lack of governance, management skills, regulation, and transparency, and misguided incentives have contributed to discredit these institutions for supporting the development of local financial markets. However, the pro-active role that some state financial institutions have played in the recent crisis in allocating credit to sectors cyclically not attractive for commercial banks has brought back the question of whether some state ownership in the banking system would be preferable. This paper analyzes the experience of four state financial institutions that have performed relatively well in the past: Canada's Business Development Bank, Chile's BancoEstado, South Africa's Development Bank of Southern Africa, and Finland's Finnvera plc. The author finds that these institutions have different checks and balances to mitigate eventual mismanagement of resources. The author also finds that little progress has been made in measuring the policy performance of these institutions.

Access to Finance --- Banking crises --- Banking system --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Boards of directors --- Commercial banks --- Corporate Law --- Debt Markets --- Development banks --- Emerging markets --- Entrepreneurship --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Institutions --- Financial markets --- Financial services --- Financial Systems --- Government intervention --- Housing --- Law and Development --- Mandates --- Municipalities --- Private banks --- Productivity --- Regulatory framework --- State owned banks --- Technical assistance

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Food prices in international markets spiked upward in 2008, doubling or more in a matter of months. Evidence is still being compiled on policy responses over the following two years, but lessons can be learned from the price spike in 1973, the magnitude and speed of which were similar to those experienced around the 2008 spike. In developing countries, policy responses to the earlier spike lowered the (negative) nominal assistance coefficient for agriculture by one-third between 1972 and 1974 before it was returned to the same level by 1976. That was twice the extent of the fall and recovery of the (positive) nominal assistance coefficient for high-income countries. However, the trade and welfare effects of those changes were much less for developing than high-income countries, suggesting the dispersion of distortion rates among farm industries decreased in developing countries. The adjustments were virtually all due to suspension and then reinstatement of import restrictions, with changes in export taxation by developing countries playing an additional (but minor) role during 1972-74. This beggar-thy-neighbor dimension of each government's food policies is worrying because it reduces the role that trade between nations can play in bringing stability to the world's food markets. More effort appears to be needed before a multilateral agreement to desist can be reached.

Climate Change Economics --- Commodities --- Commodity --- Commodity price --- Developing countries --- Domestic market --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Food & Beverage Industry --- Food price --- Food prices --- Free trade --- Government intervention --- Income --- Incomes --- Industry --- International markets --- International trade --- Low-income countries --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market failure --- Market participants --- Markets and Market Access --- Monopoly --- Price movement --- Private Sector Development --- Stabilization policies --- World markets