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From Blaise Pascal in the 1600s to Charles Babbage in the first half of the nineteenth century, inventors struggled to create the first calculating machines. All failed-but that does not mean we cannot learn from the trail of ideas, correspondence, machines, and arguments they left behind. In Reckoning with Matter, Matthew L. Jones draws on the remarkably extensive and well-preserved records of the quest to explore the concrete processes involved in imagining, elaborating, testing, and building calculating machines. He explores the writings of philosophers, engineers, and craftspeople, showing how they thought about technical novelty, their distinctive areas of expertise, and ways they could coordinate their efforts. In doing so, Jones argues that the conceptions of creativity and making they exhibited are often more incisive-and more honest-than those that dominate our current legal, political, and aesthetic culture.

Calculators --- Computers --- Technology --- History. --- Blaise Pascal. --- Charles Babbage. --- Charles Mahon, 3rd Earl Stanhope. --- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. --- artisanal knowledge. --- calculating machines. --- eighteenth century. --- intellectual property. --- nineteenth century. --- seventeenth century.

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Mathematical linguistics --- German language --- Linguistic research --- Data processing --- Data processing. --- Institut für Deutsche Sprache. --- Institut für Deutsche Sprache. --- Institut für Deutsche Sprache Mannheim --- I.D.S. (Institut für Deutsche Sprache) --- IDS (Institut für Deutsche Sprache) --- Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. --- Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Institut für Deutsche Sprache --- German language - Data processing --- Linguistic research - Data processing --- Leibniz-Institut für Deutsche Sprache

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Bringing together the histories of mathematics, computer science, and linguistic thought, 'Language and the Rise of the Algorithm' reveals how recent developments in artificial intelligence are reopening an issue that troubled mathematicians well before the computer age - how do you draw the line between computational rules and the complexities of making systems comprehensible to people? By attending to this question, we come to see that the modern idea of the algorithm is implicated in a long history of attempts to maintain a disciplinary boundary separating technical knowledge from the languages people speak day to day.

Semantics. --- intellectual history, history of mathematics, algorithms, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Nicolas de Condorcet, George Boole, programming languages, machine learning. --- Semiotics --- Computer science --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Mathematical linguistics --- Algorithms --- Formal languages --- Mathematical notation --- Language and languages --- Computer programming --- History. --- Philosophy.

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Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz verdiepte zich niet alleen in de filosofie, maar ook in de wiskunde, fysica, geologie, rechtswetenschap, geschiedenis en geneeskunde. Hij was ook actief als politicus en raadsheer aan het hof. Daarnaast ontwierp hij nieuwe soorten rijtuigen en drainagesystemen voor de mijnen in de Harz. Hij bedacht met succes een manier om fosfor te produceren. Hij organiseerde de verkoop van almanakken om de activiteiten van de Berlijnse Academie van Wetenschappen te bekostigen. en hij was de uitvinder van een van de eerste rekenmachines die in staat was de vier elementaire rekenoperaties uit te voeren. In deze biografie gaat de aandacht vooral uit naar drie aspecten die van fundamenteel belang zijn geweest voor zijn activiteiten als wetenschapper : de logica, de wiskunde en de fysica, in het bijzonder de dynamica. Daarnaast komen zijn onderzoekingen op het gebied van de geologie aan bod. Ook wordt het intrinsieke verband duidelijk tussen wetenschap en filosofie in Leibniz' opvattingen. Leibniz heeft een belangrijke stempel gedrukt op de vorming van ons hedendaags denken en de huidige mentaliteit. Computers, internet en de mathematisering van de logica zijn doordrenkt van een sterke leibniziaanse geest.

Leibniz, von, Gottfried W. --- 510 --- 51 <092> --- 1 LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM --- #GGSB: Filosofie (17e eeuw) --- 51:93 --- biografieën --- wiskunde --- 155.2 --- Leibniz --- 125 --- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz --- Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm --- Wiskunde --- 510 Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics. Foundations, logic etc. --- Fundamental and general considerations of mathematics. Foundations, logic etc. --- 1 LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM Filosofie. Psychologie--LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM --- Filosofie. Psychologie--LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM --- 51 <092> Mathematics--Biografieën --- Mathematics--Biografieën --- Werken over wijsgeren ; afzonderlijk --- Filosofie --- Geschiedenis --- Biografieën --- 17e eeuw --- Biografie --- Oudheid --- Boekdrukkunst --- Film (cinematografie) --- Literatuur --- China --- Geneeskunde --- Techniek (wetenschap) --- Romeinse Rijk --- Hellenisme --- Griekenland --- Hellas --- Atlas --- Museum --- Noorwegen --- Film --- Muziek --- Schilderkunst --- Tekenkunst --- Kafka, Franz --- Vlaanderen --- Vlaams --- Emigratie --- Vrouw --- Filosofie (17e eeuw)

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"We are, all of us, everywhere, always, enmeshed in a web of rules and constraints. Rules fix the beginning and end of the working day and the school year, direct the ebb and flow of traffic on the roads, dictate who can be married to whom and how, place the fork to the right or the left of the plate, lay down the meter and rhyme scheme of a Petrarchan sonnet, and order the rites of birth and death. Cultures notoriously differ as to the content of their rules, but there is no culture without rules. In this book, historian of science Lorraine Daston adopts a long term perspective for studying rules from diverse sources, including monastic orders, cookbooks, and mathematical algorithms. She argues that in the Western tradition most rules can be characterized as one of the following: tools of measurement and calculation, models or paradigms, or laws. Moreover, they exist on spectra from specific to general, flexible to rigid and the specific-to-general, and universal-to-particular. In investigating how rules work, how they don't work, how they've changed across time, and why exceptions are necessary, Daston paints a vivid picture of Western civilization from the antiquity to the present"--

Authority. --- Order (Philosophy) --- Algorithms. --- Law. --- Natural law. --- Order (Philosophy). --- General ethics --- World history --- Authority --- Algorithms --- Law --- Natural law --- Computer algorithms. --- Ethics. --- Actin. --- Algorithm. --- Analogy. --- Aphorism. --- Augustine of Hippo. --- Biotope. --- Braid. --- Brain. --- Brightness. --- Calculation. --- Casuistry. --- Cataclysm (Dragonlance). --- Catechism. --- Chapter 33 (G.I. Bill of Rights). --- Charles Babbage. --- Codification (law). --- Computer program. --- Consonant. --- Culprit. --- Cydnidae. --- Cytoplasmic incompatibility. --- Depiction. --- Designer. --- Dictionary. --- Discretion. --- Drosophila. --- Early Modern literature. --- Electricity. --- Electronics. --- Epithelium. --- Fertilisation. --- Fishing. --- Francis Bacon. --- Gamma ray. --- Genre. --- Good and evil. --- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. --- Government debt. --- Gut flora. --- Hannah Glasse. --- Herder. --- His Family. --- Horntail. --- Household. --- Human intelligence (intelligence gathering). --- Human intelligence. --- Imitation. --- Indication (medicine). --- Insect. --- John Herschel. --- Kinase. --- Lactobacillus. --- Lipid. --- Lookup table. --- Mathematician. --- Mathematics. --- Measurement. --- Metabolism. --- Metabolite. --- Metaphysics. --- Microbiota. --- Microorganism. --- Miguel de Cervantes. --- Monochord. --- Nationalism. --- Natural philosophy. --- Obedience (human behavior). --- Organism. --- Parallel Lives. --- Parchment. --- Pathogen. --- Philosophy. --- Phonetics. --- Polykleitos. --- Precept. --- Prerogative. --- Public utility. --- Publishing. --- Reason. --- Result. --- Rule of Saint Benedict. --- Sect. --- Shavian alphabet. --- Shawl. --- Simon Stevin. --- Spelling rule. --- State of nature. --- Statute. --- Straightedge. --- Subtitle (captioning). --- Subtraction. --- Supplication. --- The Nautical Almanac. --- The Opposite Direction. --- Titer. --- Treatise. --- Tropical rainforest. --- Usage. --- Warfare.