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All parts of our body having communication with the external environment such as the skin, vagina, the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract are colonized by a specific microbial community. The colon is by far the most densely populated organ in the human body. The pool of microbes inhabiting our body is known as “microbiota” and their collective genomes as “microbiome”. These microbial ecosystems regulate important functions of the host, and their functionality and the balance among the diverse microbial populations is essential for the maintenance of a “healthy status”. The impressive development in recent years of next generation sequencing (NGS) methods have made possible to determine the gut microbiome composition. This, together with the application of other high throughput omic techniques and the use of gnotobiotic animals has greatly improved our knowledge of the microbiota acting as a whole. In spite of this, most members of the human microbiota are largely unknown and remain still uncultured. The final functionality of the microbiota is depending not only on nutrient availability and environmental conditions, but also on the interrelationships that the microorganisms inhabiting the same ecological niche are able to establish with their partners, or with their potential competitors. Therefore, in such a competitive environment microorganisms have had to develop strategies allowing them to cope, adapt, or cooperate with their neighbors, which may imply notable changes at metabolic, physiological and genetic level. The main aim of this Research Topic was to contribute to better understanding complex interactions among microorganisms residing in human microbial habitats.All parts of our body having communication with the external environment such as the skin, vagina, the respiratory tract or the gastrointestinal tract are colonized by a specific microbial community. The colon is by far the most densely populated organ in the human body. The pool of microbes inhabiting our body is known as “microbiota” and their collective genomes as “microbiome”. These microbial ecosystems regulate important functions of the host, and their functionality and the balance among the diverse microbial populations is essential for the maintenance of a “healthy status”. The impressive development in recent years of next generation sequencing (NGS) methods have made possible to determine the gut microbiome composition. This, together with the application of other high throughput omic techniques and the use of gnotobiotic animals has greatly improved our knowledge of the microbiota acting as a whole. In spite of this, most members of the human microbiota are largely unknown and remain still uncultured. The final functionality of the microbiota is depending not only on nutrient availability and environmental conditions, but also on the interrelationships that the microorganisms inhabiting the same ecological niche are able to establish with their partners, or with their potential competitors. Therefore, in such a competitive environment microorganisms have had to develop strategies allowing them to cope, adapt, or cooperate with their neighbors, which may imply notable changes at metabolic, physiological and genetic level. The main aim of this Research Topic was to contribute to better understanding complex interactions among microorganisms residing in human microbial habitats.

bacterial-pathogen infection --- Quorum Sensing --- Bifidobacterium --- Short Chain Fatty Acids --- Biofilm --- gnotobiotic mice --- breast milk --- human microbiota --- Bacteroides

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Germfree life. --- Germ-Free Life --- Animals, Laboratory --- Laboratory Animals --- Animal, Laboratory --- Laboratory Animal --- Disease Models, Animal --- Biomedical Research --- Germfree Life --- Axenic Animals --- Gnotobiotics --- Animal, Axenic --- Animals, Axenic --- Axenic Animal --- Germ Free Life --- Gnotobiotic --- Life, Germ-Free --- Life, Germfree --- Axenic Culture --- Disease-free life --- Germ-free life --- Gnotobiology --- Specific pathogen-free life --- Life (Biology)

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RNA viruses cause animal, human, and zoonotic diseases that affect millions of individuals, as is being exemplified by the devastating ongoing epidemic of the recently identified SARS-Cov-2. For years vaccines have had an enormous impact on overcoming the global burden of diseases. Nowadays, a vast number of different approaches, from purified inactivated and live attenuated viruses, nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) based candidates, virus-like particles, subunit elements, and recombinant viruses are been employed to combat viruses. However, for many of them efficient vaccines are not yet available. This will probably change dramatically with the current Covid-19 pandemic, as a vast variety of vaccinology approaches are being tested against it, with hundreds of candidates under development, dozens of them already in clinical trials, a fact that is breaking records in vaccine development and implementation. This is becoming possible thanks to the enormous work carried out during years to have the bases for a quick response, even against unknown pathogens, in an impressive short time. Here, results obtained with different vaccine´s methodological approaches against human (HIV, HCV, HRV) animal (PRRSV, PEDV, FMDV, VHSV) and zoonotic (RVF, WNV), RNA viruses are presented by field experts.

Medicine --- artificial protein --- polyepitope B- and T-cell HIV-1 immunogen --- epitopes of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies --- peptide mimic of discontinuous epitope --- immunogenicity --- birds --- vaccines --- West Nile virus --- flavivirus --- herd immunity --- porcine epidemic diarrhea virus --- RNA interference --- processivity factor --- intestine epithelial cells --- N gene --- rotavirus nanoparticle vaccine --- gnotobiotic pigs --- FMDV --- peptide vaccine --- single dose --- amount --- pig --- VHSV --- non-virion (NV) --- transcriptome profiling --- rainbow trout --- immune pathways --- Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) --- modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) --- cellular response --- neutralizing antibodies --- Gn Gc glycoproteins --- passive serum:virus transfer --- hepatitis C virus --- neutralising antibodies --- animal models --- immune responses --- PRRSV Mosaic T-cell DNA vaccine VACV --- PRRS --- cross protection --- heterologous virus challenge --- artificial protein --- polyepitope B- and T-cell HIV-1 immunogen --- epitopes of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies --- peptide mimic of discontinuous epitope --- immunogenicity --- birds --- vaccines --- West Nile virus --- flavivirus --- herd immunity --- porcine epidemic diarrhea virus --- RNA interference --- processivity factor --- intestine epithelial cells --- N gene --- rotavirus nanoparticle vaccine --- gnotobiotic pigs --- FMDV --- peptide vaccine --- single dose --- amount --- pig --- VHSV --- non-virion (NV) --- transcriptome profiling --- rainbow trout --- immune pathways --- Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) --- modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) --- cellular response --- neutralizing antibodies --- Gn Gc glycoproteins --- passive serum:virus transfer --- hepatitis C virus --- neutralising antibodies --- animal models --- immune responses --- PRRSV Mosaic T-cell DNA vaccine VACV --- PRRS --- cross protection --- heterologous virus challenge

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This is a collection of scientific research articles focusing on the associations and/or interactions of various aquatic animals with their microorganisms, focusing mostly on fish and, in particular, gut bacterial communities.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- hybrid striped bass --- microbiome --- bacteria --- bioprocessed soybean meal --- tuna --- enteric bacteria --- fish --- barcoding --- gut --- eating disorders --- feeding behavior --- gut microbiota --- Siniperca chuatsi --- innate immunity --- appetite --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- Lactobacillus rhamnosus --- Clostridium butyricum --- coral-macroalgal shift --- coral reef fish --- enteric bacteriome --- microbial functions --- Lacticaseibacillus casei --- colonization --- crucian carp --- gastrointestinal tract --- 60Co irradiation sterilization --- transit marker --- Geobacillus stearothermophilus --- high-throughput sequencing --- intestinal microflora --- fish gut --- biosurfactants --- grey mullets --- natural antibiotics --- Atlantic cod --- microbiota --- innate immune system --- germ-free --- gnotobiotic --- functional ingredient --- immunity --- core microbiome --- macroalga and rabbitfish --- bacterial motility --- motility methods --- flagella --- bacterial–host interaction --- microscopy --- melon-headed whale --- microbial communities --- aquatic mammal --- invertebrate --- sample preservation --- crayfish --- dragonfly --- hybrid fishes --- gut microbiome --- community and function --- speciation --- invasion --- fish conservation and management --- steelhead trout --- hatcheries --- aquaculture --- chemotherapeutants --- environmental variation --- founder effects --- lake sturgeon --- hybrid striped bass --- microbiome --- bacteria --- bioprocessed soybean meal --- tuna --- enteric bacteria --- fish --- barcoding --- gut --- eating disorders --- feeding behavior --- gut microbiota --- Siniperca chuatsi --- innate immunity --- appetite --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- Lactobacillus rhamnosus --- Clostridium butyricum --- coral-macroalgal shift --- coral reef fish --- enteric bacteriome --- microbial functions --- Lacticaseibacillus casei --- colonization --- crucian carp --- gastrointestinal tract --- 60Co irradiation sterilization --- transit marker --- Geobacillus stearothermophilus --- high-throughput sequencing --- intestinal microflora --- fish gut --- biosurfactants --- grey mullets --- natural antibiotics --- Atlantic cod --- microbiota --- innate immune system --- germ-free --- gnotobiotic --- functional ingredient --- immunity --- core microbiome --- macroalga and rabbitfish --- bacterial motility --- motility methods --- flagella --- bacterial–host interaction --- microscopy --- melon-headed whale --- microbial communities --- aquatic mammal --- invertebrate --- sample preservation --- crayfish --- dragonfly --- hybrid fishes --- gut microbiome --- community and function --- speciation --- invasion --- fish conservation and management --- steelhead trout --- hatcheries --- aquaculture --- chemotherapeutants --- environmental variation --- founder effects --- lake sturgeon