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The discovery of large, deep-sea, natural gas reserves in Southern Tanzania and plans for their development have sparked a national discussion about how Local Content can be maximized in a way that benefits the economy as a whole. Large-scale exploitation of Tanzania's off-shore gas fields is justified only if much of the production can be exported. It is estimated that an investment in the range of 30 to 40 billion US dollars will eventually be needed to develop Tanzania's Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) production and export capability. However, funding will not be secured until a final investment decision (FID) is made, and negotiation delays and the general downturn in gas markets worldwide have pushed that decision out to 2018-2019. This interval puts Tanzania in a unique position from a development standpoint because it gives the country more time to prepare local firms and workers for greater integration in the gas value chain, which works to reduce the risk that the country faces of falling into the common Resource Curse trap. This study is a summary of analytical work performed by the World Bank Group (WBG) directed at helping the Tanzanians increase their participation in the construction of the LNG facility.

Agribusiness --- Agriculture --- Energy --- Energy Policies and Economics --- Global Value Chains and Business Clustering --- Oil and Gas --- Private Sector Development

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The paper is structured in six further sections following this introduction. Section two develops a conceptual framework, and reviews the literature on the relationship between trade integration and labor market outcomes. Section three outlines the empirical framework and data used in the analysis. Section four presents results on the relationship between overall trade integration (through exports) and labor market outcomes. Section five then focuses specifically on GVC trade, and assesses the relationship between labor market outcomes and GVC integration as a buyer and as a seller. Section six tests if select policy indicators mediate these relationships between trade integration and labor market outcomes. Finally, section seven concludes, with a summary of results and areas for future research.

Economic Theory And Research --- Export Competitiveness --- Global Value Chains And Business Clustering --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Macroeconomics And Economic Growth --- Offshoring --- Private Sector Development

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Georgia's current tourism offering is oriented toward low-spending neighboring markets and,although there is growth in high-spend global markets, the share is still very small. The majority of international visitor trips are from Georgia's neighboring countries-Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey. This strong regional footprint is partly attributable to Georgia's reputation during Soviet times as a recreational destination. Proximity, low prices, familiarity and language have contributed to this strong position. However, of Georgia's top 15 source markets, tourists from Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey have the lowest average total trip expenditure and make the shortest trips. Although Georgia has seen very strong growth from China and India, arrivals to Georgia from the top global tourism source markets1 in 2018 represented only 7.3 percent of arrivals to the country. Georgia's government is targeting high-growth, high-spend source markets. In 2015, the Government of Georgia (GoG) launched "Georgia Tourism 2025"; a 10-year vision and strategic plan for increasing the value and importance of tourism for the benefit of the country's economy and ultimately its citizens. The plan-developed with support from the World Bank Group-included infrastructure development, country promotion, service quality improvement and tourism product diversification. Building on this plan, in 2018, GoG developed a marketing, branding and promotional strategy to communicate Georgia's brand positioning, visual and verbal identity guidelines, and promotional objectives and target high growth, high-spend source markets. As Georgia's source markets evolve, new GVC structures necessary to serve those markets will alsoemerge. GoG has identified 26 key source markets based on accessibility, economic factors, culturalrelations, and other factors such as the size of diaspora, historical ties and language barriers. A shift towards these new markets will also correspond to changes in consumer behavioral trends and tastes. This, coupled with global industry trends will see new value chain structures emerge, emphasizing activities with differing competitive forces, and presenting differing opportunities to create and retain value. Georgian firms may need support to respond to changes in emerging tourism GVCs and compete for higher-value-added activities. The report asks and answers two questions: i) How are emerging trends changing the structure of Tourism GVCs and how can Georgian firms benefit from these changes? ii) What policy reforms, capital investment or skills development is needed to increase Georgia's value chain competitiveness in each of these key tourism offerings?

Accommodation and Tourism Industry --- Global Value Chains and Business Clustering --- Industry --- Information and Communication Technologies --- Information Technology --- Microenterprises --- Private Sector Development --- Small and Medium Size Enterprises

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This note takes stock of productivity trends of the Albanian non-agricultural private sector using granular firm-level data. To understand better the sources of jobs and productivity growth, this note analyzes firm-level data from the Albanian annual Structural Business Survey (SBS) collected by INSTAT, the national statistical agency, as well as customs data. This dataset covers all firms with more than ten employees and a representative sample of smaller firms, from all sectors, except for agriculture, financial services and public administration. Despite impressive growth and job creation, both employment and productivity gaps remain. Between 2006 and 2016 the country has seen a doubling of its formal private sector, creating 270,000 jobs. Part of these jobs were genuinely new - total employment in Albania increased by 100,000 jobs in the same time period - while other jobs were the result from people switching from agriculture to manufacturing and services jobs and formalization of informal activities. Employment gaps with the EU remain, even though they have been narrowing in Albania, 40 percent of the labor force works in the formal non-agricultural private sector, against 51 percent in the European Union. To meet the country's aspirations, the need to create more and especially better jobs prevails. Wages remain the lowest in the region and many young Albanians move abroad to find better job opportunities.

Economic Growth --- Employment --- Global Value Chains and Business Clustering --- Job Creation --- Labor Markets --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Productivity --- Social Protections and Labor

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Smallholder production predominates in many areas of primary food production in Indonesia. Yet, outside of oil palm and poultry, contract farming is rare as are other forms of collective action or vertical coordination. Fragmented production and market interfaces give rise to high transaction costs and problems in matching supply with downstream or consumer requirements. Yet, there is a growing body of international experience promoting multiple models to help realize some economies of scale within smallholder-based production systems and effectively addressing the aggregation and market-matching problems. These include different forms of joint farming operations, shared services, farmer organizations, contracting arrangements or partnerships with agro-enterprises, and other models. Their suitability and need for public enabling support varies depending upon the underlying circumstances. This note synthesizes experiences, lessons learned, and success factors with potential relevance for Indonesian staple food crop and horticultural production.

Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agricultural Trade --- Agriculture --- Crops and Crop Management Systems --- Food Security --- Global Value Chains and Business Clustering --- Private Sector Development