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La psychologie de la forme (Gestalt Psychologie), qui connaît son apogée à Berlin dans l’entre-deux guerres, présente d’abord, à rebours des idées reçues, l’exemple d’une méthode « introspective » qui a réussi, puisque l’ensemble des faits empiriques qu’elle a établis restent valables aujourd’hui. Elle a aussi intégré ces faits en une philosophie naturaliste et « holiste », où les « sensations » notamment sont réduites à des structures de conscience. C’est ce « holisme » (terme trop vague) qu’il s’agit d’expliciter et de discuter ici. Il a fortement marqué des philosophes comme Cassirer ou Merleau-Ponty, et converge encore avec les tentatives contemporaines pour supprimer les « qualia ».
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Our first task is to settle upon which psychological interpretation should be employed. There seem to be at least two means of threading our way amongst psychological interpretations. (1) One mode of discriminating between types of psychological interpretations derives from an inquiry into the nature of psychological investigation in general. Each dichotomy about to be suggested will be briefly indicated as such. Thus, psychology has as subject matter either behavior or not behavior. We choose behavior. Secondly, behavior may be interpreted either as a process or not a process. We select process. Thirdly, a process may be viewed: (a) in terms of a static cross section made at any chosen point or series of points; (b) in terms of the pathway it traverses toward some definable goal; (c) in terms of its exemplification of certain organizational 'laws' and as such, in terms of the adequacy with which it exemplifies and facilitates a more exact specification of such laws. These are the only choice of interpretation. (2) Another method is this. We may investigate individual types of psychological interpretations themselves. Some (Type A) we find frankly denying their interest in the problem of meaning and so formulating their experiments as to render reference to 'meanings' as inappropriate as possible. In all likelihood we would be wasting time undertaking to force these into our services. Another type of psychological interpretation (Type B) we find engaged in investigations which so absorb the attention of its adherents that they ignore the problem of meaning, however little they may deny its significance. These interpreters accumulate data which may or may not be applicable to our present problem; they do not choose, however, to be specifically concerned with meaning. Still a third type (C) of psychological interpretation may be mentioned. This attitude is one explicitly interested in the problem of meaning. Data in this case are interpreted on the assumption that certain variations of overt behavior indicate a something which may be designated the organism's meaning relative to stimuli. It would seem likely from the foregoing that Type C represents the mode of psychological interpretation most consistent with the needs of this essay. If we would have names for these we may designate Type A as 'Elementaristic Psychology, ' Type B 'Teleological Psychology, ' and Type C 'Gestalt Psychology.
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"This volume is an attempt to bring together in convenient form all the material necessary for a more than superficial understanding of the subject with which it deals. It is intended to be read with profit by anyone who has had a first course in elementary psychology. Essentially, I have aimed to give a sympathetic picture of the Gestalt system from the standpoint of a non-configurationist, although I must confess that an examination of the evidence has left me more favorably disposed toward the theory than I had originally anticipated. The busy reader and student should find here the gist of the most significant documents in this field, which should give a background that will make possible an intelligent reading of the new material constantly being prepared and issued under Gestalt influence. Economy and pithiness of expression have been sought throughout, and in an effort to attain the maximum of compactness, liberal use has been made of quotations, both direct and condensed. More sources than actually appear in the references have been examined with an eye to inclusion in some way or other. As implied above, the necessity for brevity has always been regarded, otherwise the volume would have inevitably expanded into a digest of psychology in general, for it is very easy to cross the loose boundaries of the Gestalt domain. The experimental mass may seem a bit unwieldy but in emphasizing the laboratory products of research motivated by the Gestalt principle I am stressing what I am persuaded will prove the most permanent contribution of all"--Preface. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2007 APA, all rights reserved).
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The purpose of this book is to build a set of constructive concepts based on both experimental investigations and case histories by means of which one can represent psychological reality. These concepts are intended to unify diverse fields of psychology. The concepts are intended to be operational and descriptive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2004 APA, all rights reserved).
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The war, differences of tongue, sentiment, and background all contributed towards making it difficult for English-speaking readers to welcome for what they were the experimental methods and results of certain German psychologists. The gap thus created was not bridged until very recent times: notably by the publication in 1935 of Professor K. Koffka's Principles of Gestalt Psychology (see record 1935-03991-000). Even this important work, however, does not wholly effect the necessary transition from the German psychology of 1912. The present volume is offered in the hope that it may play a part in completing the structure. Too often it has been said by English and American authors that the Gestalttheorie was all--or nearly all--Theorie. It is possible that judgments of this sort were not formed on the basis of an extensive reading of the sources. The book is a series of abstracts or summaries of thirty-four articles and one book published in Germany between 1915 and 1929 by the leading exponents of Gestalt psychology and their students. Reference is given in each case to the original publication, and marginal page indications show the source of every statement. Direct translation was intentionally kept at a minimum. This has its advantages as well as its disadvantages. The original material was approximately ten times as long as the summaries. If the gist of that original has been retained, I shall be glad, for I have striven diligently to accomplish this. Wherever I have failed the interested reader will have no trouble in finding the debated passage, since the marginal page references are given as guide. My sole aim is and has been to present a faithful picture of this source material. Very few of those who may find use for this book would have cared to read all of the material, even in translation, which it condenses. If an abstract of that material is of value, losses occasioned by the abstracting process itself may not be too damaging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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