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Dear Colleagues, Synthetic biology is a broad and emerging discipline that capitalizes on recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, protein and RNA engineering and omics technologies. These technologies have transformed our ability to reveal the biology of the cell and the molecular basis of disease.

growth effect --- lysine acetylation --- Escherichia coli --- posttranslational modification --- class II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase --- amber stop codon suppression --- genetic code expansion --- yeasts --- phosphoseryl-tRNA synthetase --- M. jannaschii orthogonal pair --- gene ontology --- selenocysteine --- genetic firewall --- indirect tRNA aminoacylation --- tRNA editing --- unnatural nucleotides --- reverse polymerization --- RNA metabolism --- genome editing --- tRNA --- tRNASer --- alternative amino acid and nucleotide repertoires --- biocontainment --- fluorescent reporter --- optogenetics --- tRNASep --- GluRS-like --- genetic isolation --- live cell imaging --- alternative core cellular chemistries --- fluorescence-based screen --- phosphoinositide dependent kinase 1 --- synthetic biology --- mistranslation --- tRNA repair --- synthetic life --- CUG-Ser --- unnatural amino acids --- recombinant protein production --- biopharmaceuticals --- protein modification --- functional conservation --- branched-chain amino acids --- alanyl-tRNA synthetase --- release factor 1 --- cyclic peptides --- AspRS --- xenobiology --- DNA delivery --- gene overexpression --- non-canonical amino acids --- ASKA collection --- protein kinase B --- codon bias --- microRNA quantification --- anticodon --- small molecule drug screening --- mRNA display --- genetic tools --- protein engineering --- misacylation --- transfer RNA --- Metschnikowia --- genome synthesis --- expanded genetic code --- yeast two hybrid --- orthogonal central dogma of molecular biology --- microRNA --- genome engineering

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This Special Issue entitled “β-glucan in foods and health benefits” reports on the health benefits of indigestible carbohydrates with respect to metabolic diseases and immune functions. The effects of β-glucan have been investigated through the use isolated preparations or natural dietary fibers from whole grain cereals and brans, yeasts, or Euglena. This Special Issue includes original research articles that are based on human intervention studies that address the effects of β-glucan on metabolic diseases and immune function-related markers as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. It also reviews the health benefits of β-glucans in humans.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- humans --- oat β-glucan --- acute glycemic response --- dietary fiber --- preload --- carbohydrates --- β-1,3-glucan --- Euglena gracilis --- Ca2+ signaling --- intestinal epithelial cell --- intravital imaging --- small intestine --- immune system --- barley --- β-glucan --- microarray --- short chain fatty acids --- lipid metabolism. --- low molecular weight --- fermentation --- prebiotics --- Autreobasidium pullulans --- β-1,3-1,6-glucan --- physiological function --- oat beta-glucan --- colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- TLRs --- Dectin-1 --- rats --- L cell --- glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) --- glucose tolerance --- short-chain fatty acids --- sIgA --- microbiota --- randomized clinical trial --- symptoms --- gastrointestinal tract --- musculo-skeletal system --- oats --- oatmeal --- beta-glucan --- beta glucan --- health claim --- regulation --- food-health relationship --- gastritis --- inflammatory process --- antioxidant properties --- paramylon --- abdominal fat --- DNA microarray --- gene ontology --- PPAR signaling --- n/a --- Crohn's disease

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Membrane transporters are of vital importance for cells. They mediate the flux of many substances through the plasma membrane. In this book, the transporters for organic cations, a special class of membrane transporters, are presented. Transporters belonging to this class are important because they allow many neurotransmitters (e.g., histamine and serotonin) and many drugs (e.g., trospium and tofacitinib) to permeate the plasma membrane. Therefore, transporters for organic cations can modulate the action of neurotransmitters and drugs, having in this way important physiological and pharmacological implications. These aspects are illustrated in original works and reviews presented in this book. Using a system biology approach, the global significance of different transporters working together has been illustrated. Regulation mechanisms determining their expression in specific organs and modulating their function are also described in this book, also concerning their role for special drug toxicities. Such an aspect is also discussed in relationship to mutations (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of transporters for organic cations. Finally, the translational value of studies performed in flies, mice, and rats is discussed. Therefore, this book offers integrative information on transporters for organic cations, which may be of interest to beginners and specialized scientists in this field.

Medicine --- transporters --- endogenous metabolism --- functional subgroups --- SLC22 --- remote sensing and signaling --- drug transporters --- gut microbiome --- chronic kidney disease --- solute carrier 22 (SLC22) --- Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory --- interorgan communication --- organic anion transporter --- organic cation transporter --- SLC22A15 --- SLC22A16 --- SLC22A18 --- kidney --- Malpighian tubule --- TCGA --- human pathology atlas --- gene ontology --- organic cations --- transport --- kidneys --- regulation --- Nuclear receptor --- renal excretion --- bile acids --- organic cation transporters --- drug disposition --- genetic polymorphisms --- drug-induced kidney injury --- nephrotoxicity --- RA --- Tofacitinib --- Baricitinib --- MATE1 --- solute carrier (SLC) family --- OCT1 --- SLC22A1 --- species differences --- drugs --- pesticides --- cisplatin nephrotoxicity --- PPAR-alpha --- organic transporters --- serotonin transporter --- plasma membrane monoamine transporter --- ketamine --- isoflurane --- serotonin clearance --- antidepressant-like activity --- chronoamperometry --- tail suspension test --- forced swim test --- hepatotoxicity --- solute carrier --- pulmonary drug delivery --- SLC22A1–5 --- lung epithelium --- drug uptake --- β2-agonists --- chronic lung diseases --- anticholinergics --- trospium --- OCT --- MATE --- drug excretion --- drug transport --- n/a --- SLC22A1-5

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This Special Issue, “Approaches in Enhancing Antioxidant Defense in Plants” published 13 original research works and a couple of review articles that discuss the various aspects of plant oxidative stress biology and ROS metabolism, as well as the physiological mechanisms and approaches to enhancing antioxidant defense and mitigating oxidative stress. These papers will serve as a foundation for plant oxidative stress tolerance and, in the long term, provide further research directions in the development of crop plants’ tolerance to abiotic stress in the era of climate change.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- melatonin --- water stress --- drought --- waterlogging --- abiotic stress --- antioxidants --- stress signaling --- phytohormones --- antioxidant --- biomolecules --- climate change --- reactive oxygen species --- halophytes --- soil salinity --- signaling molecules --- molybdenum --- cadmium stress --- photosynthetic pigments --- oxidative damage --- quality characters --- fragrant rice --- brassinosteroids --- chromium --- heavy metals --- rice --- adaptability --- heat stress --- water homeostasis --- hormone --- stoma --- transpiration --- antioxidant defense systems --- gene ontology --- miRNA --- 3D structures --- methyl jasmonate --- photosystem --- Brassica napus --- salinity stress --- antioxidant enzymes --- osmolytes --- ROS --- metabolites --- antioxidant defence --- ascorbate --- glutathione --- microspore embryogenesis --- Hordeum vulgare --- ×Triticosecale Wittm. --- nitric oxide --- iron-deficiency --- chlorosis --- alfalfa --- chilling --- legumes --- pollen --- stigma --- acclimatization --- stress --- Cr+6 bioremediation --- improved antioxidant activity --- plant growth promotion --- rhizobacteria --- superoxide dismutase --- potato --- AlphaFold --- salicylic acid --- Glycine max --- seed germination --- photosynthesis --- secondary metabolites --- salinity --- n/a

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This Special Issue entitled “β-glucan in foods and health benefits” reports on the health benefits of indigestible carbohydrates with respect to metabolic diseases and immune functions. The effects of β-glucan have been investigated through the use isolated preparations or natural dietary fibers from whole grain cereals and brans, yeasts, or Euglena. This Special Issue includes original research articles that are based on human intervention studies that address the effects of β-glucan on metabolic diseases and immune function-related markers as well as in vitro and in vivo studies. It also reviews the health benefits of β-glucans in humans.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- humans --- oat β-glucan --- acute glycemic response --- dietary fiber --- preload --- carbohydrates --- β-1,3-glucan --- Euglena gracilis --- Ca2+ signaling --- intestinal epithelial cell --- intravital imaging --- small intestine --- immune system --- barley --- β-glucan --- microarray --- short chain fatty acids --- lipid metabolism. --- low molecular weight --- fermentation --- prebiotics --- Autreobasidium pullulans --- β-1,3-1,6-glucan --- physiological function --- oat beta-glucan --- colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- TLRs --- Dectin-1 --- rats --- L cell --- glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) --- glucose tolerance --- short-chain fatty acids --- sIgA --- microbiota --- randomized clinical trial --- symptoms --- gastrointestinal tract --- musculo-skeletal system --- oats --- oatmeal --- beta-glucan --- beta glucan --- health claim --- regulation --- food-health relationship --- gastritis --- inflammatory process --- antioxidant properties --- paramylon --- abdominal fat --- DNA microarray --- gene ontology --- PPAR signaling --- n/a --- Crohn's disease