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The aim of this book is to analyse and reflect on the effect of femininities in the field and the encountered biases specific to women researchers in tourism studies. The purpose of the book is to define potential areas of gender bias using international case studies from five continents to improve the validity and transparency of future research conducted by researchers in transcultural contexts. It covers broad themes including access, attire and conduct, sexual harassment, personal safety, and accompanied research and well-being. The volume provides case studies using reflexivity to create baselines for comparison for female (and male) researchers doing fieldwork and outlines potential areas of concern for supervisors through a transdisciplinary approach in a global context. It is an essential guide for supervisors, students, ethics committee members and any researchers.
Femininity. --- Field research. --- female experiences of research. --- female researchers. --- femininities. --- gender bias. --- gender studies. --- tourism fieldwork. --- tourism research.
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The Gender-Sensitive University explores the prevailing forces that pose obstacles to driving a gender-sensitive university, which include the emergence of far-right movements that seek to subvert advances towards gender equality and managerialism that promotes creeping corporatism. This book demonstrates that awareness of gender equality and gender sensitivity are essential for pulling contemporary academia back from the brink. New forms of leadership are fundamental to reforming our institutions. The concept of a gender-sensitive university requires re-envisioning academia to meet these challenges, as does a different engagement of men and a shift towards fluidity in how gender is formulated and performed. Academia can only be truly gender-sensitive if, learning from the past, it can avoid repeating the same mistakes and addressing existing and new biases. The book chapters analyse these challenges and advocate the possibilities to ‘fix it forward’ in all areas.Representing ten EU countries and multiple disciplines, contributors to this volume highlight the evidence of persistent gender inequalities in academia, while advocating a blueprint for addressing them. The book will be of interest to a global readership of students, academics, researchers, practitioners, academic and political leaders and policy makers who share an interest in what it takes to establish gender-sensitive universities.
Sex discrimination in higher education --- Education, Higher --- Sociology --- EU --- Europe --- GEPs --- gender --- equality --- university --- gender bias --- inequality --- College environment --- Universities and colleges --- Women in higher education
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Using online job portal data and probabilistic regression estimations, the paper investigates the explicit gender bias and salary gap in the Indian job market, reflected in more than 800,000 job recruitment advertisements. Exploring formal and informal sector occupations, the study finds high existence of employers' gender bias in hiring. Explicit gender preferences are highly job specific, and it is common to mention the preferred gender in job ads, which, in general, favor men over women. Although ads for professional occupations exhibit less explicit gender bias, they are not gender neutral. In all types of professional jobs, irrespective of the share of ads with preference for men or women, on average, ads targeting men specify/offer much higher salary. Employers in elementary sectors as well as blue-collar jobs express more segregated gender preference. The findings support the existing research that argues women are more preferred in low-quality, low-status, typically low-paid informal jobs. Targeting women for low-quality jobs explains half of the mean offered salary gap specified in ads; the rest is direct gender bias. The paper also suggests that, with the rise of new technology and sectors, gender bias in hiring in those new types of jobs is expected to decline.
Employer --- Gender --- Gender Bias --- Gender Preference --- Gender Targeting --- Hiring Bias --- Job Portal --- Labor Policies --- Law and Development --- Recruitment --- Salary Gap --- Social Protections and Labor
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The aim of this book is to analyse and reflect on the effect of femininities in the field and the encountered biases specific to women researchers in tourism studies. The purpose of the book is to define potential areas of gender bias using international case studies from five continents to improve the validity and transparency of future research conducted by researchers in transcultural contexts. It covers broad themes including access, attire and conduct, sexual harassment, personal safety, and accompanied research and well-being. The volume provides case studies using reflexivity to create baselines for comparison for female (and male) researchers doing fieldwork and outlines potential areas of concern for supervisors through a transdisciplinary approach in a global context. It is an essential guide for supervisors, students, ethics committee members and any researchers.
Femininity. --- Field research. --- female experiences of research. --- female researchers. --- femininities. --- gender bias. --- gender studies. --- tourism fieldwork. --- tourism research. --- Tourism --- Sex discrimination against women
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This paper contributes to better understanding firms' discriminatory behavior in the presence of gender-based legal discrimination and its linkages with labor market outcomes for women in a developing country setting. Using data collected through the World Bank Enterprise Surveys in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the paper documents the existence of nonnegligible employer discrimination and limitations in women's autonomy in the presence of a discriminatory environment. Interestingly, these are more pervasive outside the capital city, Kinshasa, which suggests that cultural norms or differences in regulation enforcement may be at play. The paper also finds that firms' discriminatory behavior harms women's labor market outcomes, in their representation among the upper echelons of management and participation in the overall workforce. The negative relationship between restrictions from discriminatory behaviors and female employment is particularly strong in the manufacturing sector.
Africa Gender Policy --- Discrimination --- Employment --- Enterprise Survey --- Female Employment --- Gender --- Gender Bias --- Kinshasa --- Labor Market --- Law and Development --- Poverty Reduction --- Private Sector Development
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Entrepreneurs in Myanmar face many challenges to starting and operating a business. As is the experience globally, women often experience these challenges to a greater extent and face additional sociocultural barriers, limiting their equal participation in the economy. To develop a better understanding of the dynamics holding back private sector development, especially for women, this paper uses data from the first-of-a-kind, firm-level data set available in Myanmar. The analysis explores the variance of experience female-owned micro, small, and medium-size enterprises face compared with their male-owned counterparts. The paper assesses the barriers imposed on entrepreneurs and their businesses and identifies firm-level characteristics leading to the use of good business practices. Further, the analysis investigates the adoption of gender and family-friendly policies, as an outcome and as a determinant of business success. The purpose of the study is to gain a better understanding of the barriers to gender-inclusive private sector development in Myanmar and provide tangible recommendations to private- and government-level actors. Overall, the analysis finds the major constraints for women entrepreneurs are access to finance and sociocultural factors, such as family responsibilities and household work.
Access To Finance --- Female Entrepreneurs --- Firm Survey --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Economic Policy --- Gender and Economics --- Gender and Poverty --- Gender and Social Policy --- Gender Bias --- Inequality --- Sociocultural Barriers --- Women --- Women Entrepreneurs
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Women's property ownership matters for their well-being and agency; it can also advance economic prosperity and promote the human development of future generations. Yet, until recently, lack of data has constrained researchers from gaining a comprehensive overview of gender differences in property ownership in the developing world. Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 41 developing countries, this paper seeks to fill this gap, by investigating the extent of gender gaps in the incidence of property ownership (land and housing) and the factors associated with these gaps, focusing on the role of legal systems. The study finds that there is substantial variation in gender gaps across countries, but in almost all countries men are more likely to own property than women. Within countries, gender gaps are most pronounced for groups that are already disadvantaged, that is, the rural population and the poorest quintile. The disadvantage in property ownership experienced by women reflects a variety of factors, including discriminatory norms and laws on inheritance, property ownership, marital regimes, and protection from workplace discrimination. Countries with more gender egalitarian legal regimes generally have higher levels of property ownership by women, especially housing. These results suggest that reforms to establish a more gender-equitable legislative framework could be an important mechanism to increase women's property ownership.
Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gender and Law --- Gender Bias --- Gender Gap --- Health Survey --- Inequality --- Intra-Household Inequality --- Legal Discrimination --- Poverty Reduction --- Property Ownership --- Property Rights --- Urban Development --- Urban Housing --- Women's Agency
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This book is a collection of the accepted papers presented at the Workshop on Artificial Intelligence with Biased or Scarce Data (AIBSD) in conjunction with the 36th AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 2022. During AIBSD 2022, the attendees addressed the existing issues of data bias and scarcity in Artificial Intelligence and discussed potential solutions in real-world scenarios. A set of papers presented at AIBSD 2022 is selected for further publication and included in this book.
Technology: general issues. --- Artificial intelligence --- History of engineering & technology. --- permutation equivariance --- optimization --- gender bias --- fairness --- face-recognition models --- facial attributes --- social bias --- bias detection --- natural language processing --- temporal bias --- forecasting --- contrastive learning --- supervised contrastive learning --- transfer learning --- robustness --- noisy labels --- coresets --- deep learning --- contextualized embeddings --- out-of-distribution generalization --- permutation equivariance --- optimization --- gender bias --- fairness --- face-recognition models --- facial attributes --- social bias --- bias detection --- natural language processing --- temporal bias --- forecasting --- contrastive learning --- supervised contrastive learning --- transfer learning --- robustness --- noisy labels --- coresets --- deep learning --- contextualized embeddings --- out-of-distribution generalization
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Taxing Women comprises both an insightful, critical analysis of the gender biases in current tax laws and a wake-up call for all those concerned with gender justice to pay more attention to the pervasive impact of such laws. Providing real-life examples, Edward McCaffery shows how tax laws are actually written to punish married couples who file jointly. No dual-income household can afford not to read this book before filing their taxes. "Taxing Women is a must-have primer for any woman who wants to understand how our current tax system affects her family's economic condition. In plain English, McCaffery explains how the tax code stacks the deck against women and why it's in women's economic interest to lead the next great tax rebellion."-Patricia Schroeder "McCaffery is an expert on the interplay between taxes and social policy. . . . Devastating in his analysis. . . . Intriguing."-Harris Collingwood, Working Women "A wake-up call regarding the inequalities of an archaic system that actually penalizes women for working."-Publishers Weekly
Women --- Taxation --- Law and legislation --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- E-books --- gender, bias, discrimination, taxation, economy, finance, married filing joint, income taxes, dual-income household, family, legislation, economics, history, nonfiction, social security, working women, dink, marriage penalty, irs, 1040, wages, federal tax laws, contract with america, child-care expenses, second earner, marginal rates.
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On behalf of the Program Committee, a very warm welcome to the Seventh Italian Conference on Computational Linguistics (CLiC-it 2020). This edition of the conference is held in Bologna and organised by the University of Bologna. The CLiC-it conference series is an initiative of the Italian Association for Computational Linguistics (AILC) which, after six years of activity, has clearly established itself as the premier national forum for research and development in the fields of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing, where leading researchers and practitioners from academia and industry meet to share their research results, experiences, and challenges.
Linguistics --- Computational Linguistics --- Fine-grained sentiment analysis --- Distributional Semantics --- Quantitative Linguistic Investigations --- Gender Bias --- Depression from Social Media --- Online Hate Speech --- Automatic Sarcasm Detection --- TrAVaSI --- AriEmozione --- AEREST --- COVID-19 --- Linguistic Ostracism in Social Networks --- Multilingual NLU --- E3C Project --- DistilBERT --- Twitter during Pandemic --- COVID-1
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