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Book
Gender Gaps in Albania through the Lens of Poverty and Shared Prosperity : Findings from the 2012 LSMS
Authors: ---
Year: 2012 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Abstract

This report analyzes gender dimensions of poverty and shared prosperity in Albania using data from the most recent rounds of the Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) Albania. The goal is understand both the distribution of poverty and lower economic outcomes for women and the underlying gender gaps contributing to these disparities. Two frameworks are used: the ECA Region Shared Prosperity Framework, which analyzes how productive assets create prosperity at the household level, and the World Development Report on Gender and Development, which presents an explicitly gendered framework in which individuals, households, and institutions interact.3 The report considers household composition, education, labor force participation and outcomes, social transfers, social capital, access to technology, and subjective poverty. The period available in the data, from 2008 to 2012, corresponds to the global financial crisis, which had a severe impact on the Albanian economy. This provides the opportunity to examine how key outcomes for women changed in a period of economic downturn. The report provides a rapid, broad overview of gender gaps based on new data from the 2012 LSMS, in the context of the Shared Prosperity and WDR frameworks. It examines gender differences between who is poor and in the bottom 40 percent of the population, and how they have changed since 2008. To understand the causes of gendered differences in poverty, the report then looks at gaps in key assets, asset use, wages, and transfers between men and women in 2012, as well as whether these gaps have widened or narrowed since 2008. The report is not meant to provide a complete and updated gender diagnostic for Albania, which would require review of policies and institutions and how they impact women's endowments, use of endowments, and ability to benefit from the returns to endowments. The 2012 data also do not provide a complete picture of gender in marginalized ethnic communities or specific rural areas, because the survey design did not oversample these groups. This report uses primarily the official definition of poverty as those in households with per-person consumption of less than the national poverty line (6,412new lek/month). However, the final sections on social capital and participation and subjective poverty address some additional components of poverty included in more comprehensive definitions, individual experiences with poverty, ability to participate in society, and ability to access basic needs.


Book
Innovating Bureaucracy for a More Capable Government
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Year: 2019 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Improving government capability is one of the main challenges of economic development. There is consensus around the core policies needed for developing countries to achieve equitable growthand reduce extreme poverty. But government capability-its ability to effectively implement these polices and efficiently achieve the desired outputs in regulation, infrastructure provision, and service delivery-varies considerably across countries and across policy domains within countries.The ability, motivation, and productivity of the personnel who populate government bureaucracies are key determinants of government capability. Capable organizations are those that can select high-ability personnel, provide them with the necessary resources, and motivate them to work toward the organization's objectives and to serve the public. In Russia, 60 percent of the price variation in standard procurement contracts is due to the ability of individual bureaucrats andthe quality of the organizations in which they work. If the worst-performing 20 percent of bureaucrats can be made as effective as the median bureaucrat, the Russian government would save 10 percent of its procurement costs. In Nigeria, there is substantial variation in the quality of organizational management across the federal government, and a one standard deviation increase in the quality of management would lead to a 32 percent increase in project completion rates. Public sector compensation and employment practices also have significant implications for the competitiveness of the overall labor market, and on fiscal sustainability. Governments face important choices relating to the size of the public sector and the compensation of its workers. Low public sector wages can result in difficulties in recruiting and retaining qualified workers; but large wage premiums for public sector workers can discourage private sector jobs and lead to search unemployment. A rising wage bill is also often associated with problems of fiscal sustainability. The report focuses primarily on the supply side of governance and does not delve into the political economy of public administration, for both conceptual and methodological reasons. The domain of citizen engagement is largely at the point of service delivery or revenue collection, and not at the upstream administrative tier. It is unlikely that bureaucrats have regular contact with citizens, and any citizen voice would need to be transmitted via 'the long route of accountability' from citizen to politician and then from politician to bureaucrat (World Bank 2003). Asking bureaucrats about their interactions with politicians through surveys, however, is a difficult and sensitive topic, and one that has been broached only cautiously in our work to date. Methodologically, it requires more experimental approaches, which adds complexity to the surveys, and is an ambition for future work.


Book
Building Effective, Accountable, and Inclusive Institutions in Europe and Central Asia : Lessons from the Region
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2020 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Countries around the world are facing the need to build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions. There has never been a more important moment to tackle this agenda, as countries grapple with increasing fragility and migration flows, more complex service delivery requirements, and greater demands for transparency and inclusion, all in a more resource-constrained environment. Moreover, the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic crisis has provided new evidence of the need for effective, accountable, and inclusive government responses. Governments' capacity to respond to these complex challenges is understandably stretched, but this has not limited the rise of citizens' expectations. Instead, it has often increased tensions and, in some cases, has affected the trust between governments and their citizens. This publication builds on the World Bank's vast engagement across ECA and on the 2019 regional governance conference. It consists of six chapters, each corresponding to one of the governance areas around which governments across the world organize their institutional functions. Each chapter contains background and analysis by World Bank specialists, complemented by country case studies authored by regional experts and policymakers.


Book
Governance and Women's Economic and Political Participation : Power Inequalities, Formal Constraints and Norms.
Authors: ---
Year: 2017 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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What role do institutional constraints and social norms play in determining persistent gender gapsin economic and political participation and have institutional reforms been successful in reducing these gaps? This paper argues that, at the roots of current gender inequalities, there are traditional patriarchal social structures in which power is unequally distributed, with men traditionally holding authority over women. The power imbalance is manifested in governance arrangements, of which the author consider discriminatory formal laws and adverse gender norms that perpetuate gender inequality. The author reviewed the evidence on the effectiveness of reforms addressing gender inequality and applied via formal law changes. Aware of endogeneity issues as reforms may be adopted in countries where attitudes toward women had already been improving, we focus on micro-empirical studies that tackle this challenge. The evidence suggests that some reforms have been successful reducing inequalities. Power and norms can shift and sometimes temporary interventions can deliver long-term results. There are, however, enormous challenges posed by power inequalities and inherent social norms that are slow-moving. Formal laws can remain ineffective or cause a backlash because: i) the law is poorly implemented and/or people are not aware of it; ii) informal systems and social norms/sanctions are stronger; iii) powerful groups (in our case, men) may oppose these changes. Finally, reforms that improve women's economic opportunities can create the conditions to increase political participation and vice-versa, thereby generating a self-reinforcing cycle of inclusion.


Book
Mapping Indonesia's Civil Service
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Year: 2018 Publisher: Washington, D.C. : The World Bank,

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Indonesia's civil service has expanded by 25 percent in the last 12 years, which presents opportunities for the government of Indonesia (GoI) to work toward the goal of reducing poverty and enhancing social welfare. Yet civil servants must be skilled, knowledgeable, and effective at their jobs to maximize their contribution to society and the economy. This report examines an original data set constructed from GoI data on all the country's active civil servants to examine personal characteristics including age, gender, education level (which proxies for skill), and promotions. It addresses two important questions: 1. Are highly skilled and knowledgeable workers currently being attracted, recruited, and promoted?; 2. Are civil servants from historically underrepresented groups, including women, being given equal opportunities for advancement and promotion? The study recommends government action in three policy areas: 1. Increase promotion opportunities for women and increase their overall representation in senior positions; 2. Distribute skilled civil servants more evenly throughout the country by improving the incentives for highly skilled service providers to rotate into poor and remote regions; 3. Plan for the upcoming wave of retirements within the civil service by recruiting more women from top universities and hiring medical and teaching staff only from licensed and accredited institutions.

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