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We examine the gender wage gap in Vietnam and show that a non-trivial part of the gap is associated with occupational sorting. We consider three explanations for why occupational sorting emerges. First, we explore whether occupational sorting is driven by gender differences in preferences for non-monetary characteristics of the jobs. First, we explore whether occupational sorting is driven by gender differences in preferences for non-monetary characteristics of jobs and find that there are indeed differences between the genders in preferences for having a formal contract, insurance, paid leave and shorter hours, which may induce women to forego monetary compensation for these characteristics. Second, we check if occupational sorting among the adult labor force is driven by social norms about gender roles learned and internalized at an early age. To do so we check for evidence of sorting in the aspirations of 12-year-old children by simulating what the gender wage gap would be if boys and girls pursued the occupations they aspire to at 12. And third, for women with higher education, we check if occupational sorting occurs during the school to work transition - if women are less likely to find jobs within their field of study upon graduation. We do not find support for either the second or third hypotheses. Overall, our findings suggest that in Vietnam gender specific preferences for non-monetary job characteristics play a key role in emergence of occupational sorting.

Gender --- Gender and Economics --- Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor

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Violence against women is increasingly being recognized as an urgent public health priority and a significant human rights concern, as well as a major threat to social and economic development. Globally, an estimated 20 percent of all women will face some form of violence during their lifetime, including emotional coercion, physical violence, and sexual violence. The overall objective of the impact evaluation is to identify low-cost and scalable interventions, which demonstrate improvements in social, psychological, and economic functioning of sexual violence survivors in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). To this end, the authors conducted an impact evaluation of a village savings and loans association (VSLA) program to understand its impact on economic, social, and psychological outcomes for a sample of female sexual violence survivors. The impact evaluation had four components: (1) a qualitative needs assessment; (2) a quantitative baseline assessment; (3) a qualitative post-program assessment; and (4) a quantitative post-program assessment. This report presents a brief description of components 1 and 2 and then a full description of the method and results of the impact evaluation focusing on components 3 and 4. In terms of improving the psychological, social, and economic well-being of survivors of sexual violence, this study shows important results in some of the social and economic outcomes, but fewer results than expected for psychological outcomes. One recommendation from these results will be to explore the idea of pairing VSLA with other interventions to work more specifically on the certain outcomes that VSLA may not change on its own.

Gender --- Gender and Economics --- Gender and Social Policy --- Law and Development --- Mental Health --- Villages

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Die Women Entrepreneurship steht derzeit im Fokus der Wissenschaft, denn Deutschland braucht mehr erfolgreiche Unternehmerinnen. Doch was zeichnet erfolgreiche Unternehmerinnen als Person aus? Neben Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen werden Selbststeuerung und weitere Schlüsselkompetenzen beleuchtet. Im Fokus stehen dabei Unternehmerinnen schnellwachsender Unternehmen im Vergleich zu nicht schnellwachsenden bzw. Nicht-Unternehmerinnen. Mögliche Ableitungen für die Bildungslandschaft (insbesondere Training, Coaching und Mentoring) schließen sich an. Der Inhalt Erfolgreiches Unternehmertum und Status der Unternehmerinnen-Forschung Eigenschaftsdiagnostik: Zusammenhang von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen/-eigenschaften und Unternehmererfolg Verhaltensdiagnostik: Bedeutung von Selbststeuerung und Schlüsselkompetenzen für den Unternehmererfolg Aktueller Status der Weiterbildungs- und Förderprogramme für Unternehmerinnen Ausgewählte Instrumente der Erwachsenenbildung (Coaching, Training, Mentoring) Weitere erziehungswissenschaftliche Implikationen Die Zielgruppen Lehrende und Studierende aus BWL, Entrepreneurship, Sozialwissenschaften und Lehre Praktikerinnen und Praktiker aus BWL, Entrepreneurship, Coaching sowie Training/Lehre Die Autorin Dr. Karin Meyer ist Lehrkraft für ABWL und selbstständige Referentin/Dozentin für Hochschulen, Unternehmen und Bildungsträger wie die IHK. Zudem konnte sie promotionsbegleitend Erfahrung an beruflichen/kaufmännischen Schulen sammeln.

Entrepreneurship. --- Management—Study and teaching. --- Culture—Economic aspects. --- Management Education. --- Gender and Economics.

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The International Finance Corporation, IFC, is a member of the World Bank Group. IFC is the largest global development institution focused exclusively on the private sector in developing countries. Habib Bank Limited (HBL) was established in 1941 and was the first commercial bank in Pakistan. Over the years, HBL has grown its branch network and maintained its position as the largest private sector bank in a number of categories. In terms of customers, HBL understands the various roles played by women in society and acknowledges the financial gaps in servicing women customers from all backgrounds. Today, HBL serves more women than any other bank in Pakistan. To do yet more, it introduced HBL Nisa, a banking platform dedicated to the women of Pakistan. HBL Nisa's goal is to understand, educate, and develop products and services that cater to the financial needs of women. Since HBL and IFC formed a partnership in 2007, the relationship has grown, with an IFC Global Trade Finance Program (GTFP) investment. This engagement with HBL is also one of IFC's flagship Banking on Women (BOW) projects, in which IFC also provided advisory services to assist with integrating a bank-wide gender diversity framework. Gender Intelligence for Banks Moving the Needle on Gender Equality is the result of a joint partnership between the IFC and HBL in Pakistan. The initiative's goal is to promote gender equality within banks and to develop insights into how gender intelligence programs can positively impact organizational gender awareness, financial inclusion for women, and bottom-line results for banks.

Demographics --- Diversity --- Gender --- Gender and Economic Policy --- Gender and Economics --- Inequality

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As compared to the majority of countries in the East Asia and Pacific Region, gender disparities in Mongolia are relatively muted. At the same time, a number of important gender disparities do exist. In particular, several studies have documented gender disparities in access to economic opportunities, earnings, and productivity. Such gender disparities in the labor market are problematic for at least three reasons. First, the use of women's full potential in the labor market is likely to result in greater macroeconomic efficiency, everything else equal. Second, jobs can be direct instruments of women's development and empowerment. Third, expanding women's labor market opportunities has potentially large positive spillover effects on women's overall agency, control, and power.

Gender --- Gender and Economics --- Gender and Social Policy --- Labor Markets --- Rural Development --- Rural Labor Markets --- Social Protections and Labor