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This paper examines gender gaps in cognitive and non-cognitive skills among a sample of more than 10,000 children between the ages of 6 and 9 in rural Indonesia. In terms of cognitive skills, the analysis finds evidence of gender gaps favoring girls at each age in test scores of language (0.158-0.252 standard deviations) and mathematics (0.155-0.243 standard deviations) in the early years of primary school. Girls also perform significantly better than boys in non-cognitive skills, with higher scores on the social competence (0.086-0.247 standard deviations) and emotional maturity domains (0.213-0.296 standard deviations) of the Early Development Instrument, a finding consistent with research from high-income countries. Decomposition analyses are used to investigate the extent to which enrollment patterns in preschool and primary school as well as parenting practices contribute to these gender gaps in cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Standard decomposition approaches are extended to correct for selection on observables. The findings show that gender differences in enrollment patterns play a role in explaining gender gaps in test scores, while differences in parenting practices do not. However, the relative contribution of observed factors to gender gaps depends on the available quality of preschool services in the child's village and whether the outcome of interest is cognitive or non-cognitive skills.

Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills --- Early Childhood Education and Development (ECED) --- Education --- Gender --- Gender Gaps --- Primary School

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Gender equality is a moral and a business imperative. But unconscious bias holds us back, and de-biasing people’s minds has proven to be difficult and expensive. Diversity training programs have had limited success, and individual effort alone often invites backlash. Behavioral design offers a new solution. By de-biasing organizations instead of individuals, we can make smart changes that have big impacts. Presenting research-based solutions, Iris Bohnet hands us the tools we need to move the needle in classrooms and boardrooms, in hiring and promotion, benefiting businesses, governments, and the lives of millions. What Works is built on new insights into the human mind. It draws on data collected by companies, universities, and governments in Australia, India, Norway, the United Kingdom, the United States, Zambia, and other countries, often in randomized controlled trials. It points out dozens of evidence-based interventions that could be adopted right now and demonstrates how research is addressing gender bias, improving lives and performance. What Works shows what more can be done—often at shockingly low cost and surprisingly high speed.

Sex discrimination in employment --- Gender mainstreaming --- Organizational behavior --- E-books --- Behavior in organizations --- Management --- Organization --- Psychology, Industrial --- Social psychology --- Analysis, Gender-based --- GBA (Gender-based analysis) --- Gender-based analysis --- Gender mainstreaming in biodiversity conservation --- Mainstreaming, Gender --- Social sciences --- Sex discrimination --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Sex role in the work environment --- Sexual division of labor --- Women --- Methodology --- Employment --- Sex discrimination in employment. --- Gender mainstreaming. --- Organizational behavior. --- 331-055.2 --- 331.2-055.2 --- 396.1 --- arbeid van vrouwen - vrouwelijke arbeiders - werkende vrouwen - buitenhuiswerkende vrouwen - gelijke behandeling van man en vrouw --- vrouwenloon - loon van vrouwen - gelijke beloning man vrouw (zie ook 396.1) --- vrouwenemancipatie - gelijkstelling van de vrouw - feminisme --- Gender studies --- Industrial organization --- Sociology of minorities --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Sociology of organization --- Sociology of work --- Sociology of occupations --- Social policy --- Labour economics --- Teaching --- Personnel management --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Organizational Behavior. --- Australie --- Inde --- Norvège --- Royaume-Uni --- Etats-Unis --- Zambie --- Behavioral economics. --- Behavioral science. --- Big data. --- Business case for gender diversity. --- Gender and work. --- Gender bias. --- Gender diversity in teams. --- Hiring and promotion. --- Talent management. --- Unconscious bias. --- Wage gap. --- behavioral design. --- closing gender gaps. --- Equal opportunities --- Gender --- International --- Good practices --- Labour market --- Education --- Human resources --- Sexism --- Stereotypes --- Corporate culture --- Book --- Discrimination --- Quota --- Empowerment