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FUN Fungi & Lichenes --- Fungi --- Ganoderma lucidum --- teratology

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This Serves as an exclusive source of information BSR caused by G. boninense. It is a valuable and a must reference and guide for planters, agricultural students, agronomists and all those working in the oil palm industry. The authors believe this book will complementing the existing books on different approaches in the similar field as this book will discuss in-depth details and guidance on controlling the BSR disease using biological means, which is the unique features of the book itself. This book compiles precise and detail information on current detection methods. Infection of Ganoderma only appear at the very late stage of infection where more than 70% of the internal tissues have decayed, leaving no chance to cure the infected palms. Therefore, early detection of infected palms in advance of terminal symptoms is crucial. New approaches which has been proven possible to be conducted in field will be also provided. The key advantages of the reviewed detection methods are to help the readers to determine the best measure they could apply that suit their availability and accessibility. Oil palm is an international commodity used for food, household and industrial purposes. It is the world highest oil producer crop with potential yield capacity of 10 to 15 times higher compares to other oil crops planted on the same size of land. Increases in global demand for edible oil and biofuel, driven by the increasing population remains the main factor driving up the expansion of oil palm cultivation in South East Asia (SEA) countries and other region of the world. Currently, Malaysia and Indonesia are the two countries which contributed to 90% of the world’s palm oil export. Unfortunately, the oil palm industry in SEA is under threat of a devastating disease. This disease is known as Basal Stem Rot (BSR) which caused by a fungus, Ganoderma boninense. In Malaysia alone, the economic loss caused by this disease was estimated between RM 225 million to RM 1.5 billion (up to 500 million USD) a year. With no known remedy at present, BSR disease continues to erode the profitability of the oil palm industry, and created a significant concern globally. This book is a joint effort by the authors whom are currently working actively on finding control methods of BSR disease in oil palm. With immense experience in the field, this book provides information with data backup covering both detection and control strategies of Ganoderma. Many researchers have agreed that most of the failures to control this pathogen are due to the lack of knowledge about this pathogen. Hence, this book provides information on the pathogenic nature of G. boninense. Prior understanding of the pathogen biology and their mode of infection provides the audience a new insight into BSR epidemiology that enables the implementation of appropriate management strategies. This book presents a detailed review on the control measures on BSR disease that is currently taken. These include cultural control that is practised most of the time, chemical control using formulated fungicidal and development of disease resistance variety. Focusing on a specific issue which need urgent attention with good supporting data, this book gives a more in depth information on the use of biological approaches in controlling G. boninense to meet the current oil palm-environmental dilemmas and demand of more eco-friendly practices in the field. Biological agents have been proven to be successful in many different models. In this book, the proposed methods address combinations of biological control agents (BCA) to improve the limitations of single BCA application. The results presented are based on trials conducted all the ways from in vitro to nursery and finally in the field (under the most commonly practiced agronomic practices). The 6 chapters in this book address many current issues in tackling the pathogen and development of sustainable disease managment programmes. There are, an introduction to the oil palm industry in global prespective and its future potential (Chapter 1), The pathogenic nature of Ganoderma (Chapter 2), Current detection methods of G. boninense which are sub-divided into Lab-based and Field detection methods (Chapter 3), Control methods of the pathogen, which covers cultural practices, chemical control, development of disease resistance and biological control (Chapter 4), Integrated control of G. boninense using combination of biocontrol agents (Chapter 5) and finally an overview of the book content which summarize the discussed matters as well as suggest several recommendations for future research or improvement attempts (Chapter 6).

Life sciences. --- Agriculture. --- Microbiology. --- Plant pathology. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Pathology. --- Oil palm. --- Oil palm --- Ganoderma diseases of plants. --- Diseases and pests. --- Ganoderma plant diseases --- Fungal diseases of plants --- African oil palm --- Elaeis guineensis --- Elaeis melanococca --- Palm oil tree --- Elaeis --- Oilseed plants --- Palm oil --- Plant diseases. --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Botany --- Communicable diseases in plants --- Crop diseases --- Crops --- Diseases of plants --- Microbial diseases in plants --- Pathological botany --- Pathology, Vegetable --- Phytopathology --- Plant pathology --- Plants --- Vegetable pathology --- Agricultural pests --- Crop losses --- Diseased plants --- Phytopathogenic microorganisms --- Plant pathologists --- Plant quarantine --- Pathology --- Diseases and pests --- Diseases --- Wounds and injuries

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This book presents a state-of-the-art report on recent advances concerning Ganoderma and where the field is going. Although some older work is also cited, the main focus is on advances made over the past 20 years in the pharmacology and clinical applications of Ganoderma. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to maintain health and to treat diseases for more than two thousand years. Recently, its value has been demonstrated in preventing and treating certain diseases, such as tumors, liver disorders, renal injury, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cerebral ischemia reperfusion, bronchitis etc. In addition, laboratory and clinical studies have confirmed that the chemical components of Ganoderma, such as Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides and triterpenes isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, produce diverse pharmacological effects. Ganoderma and its components play an important part in antioxidant stress, radical-scavenging, immunomodulation, and intracellular signaling regulation, and accordingly warrant further study. This book systematically reviews the latest advances in our understanding of pharmacology and clinical applications of Ganoderma, and offers researchers and graduate students valuable new insights into the pharmacology and clinical applications of Ganoderma and related products.

Ganoderma. --- Ganodermataceae --- Pharmacology. --- Molecular biology. --- Cancer research. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Cancer Research. --- Cancer research --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect --- Farmacologia --- Medicina --- Biofarmàcia --- Biotransformació (Metabolisme) --- Dermofarmacologia --- Desenvolupament de medicaments --- Estabilitat dels medicaments --- Farmacocinètica --- Farmacogenètica --- Farmacologia cardiovascular --- Farmacologia clínica --- Farmacologia dental --- Farmacologia geriàtrica --- Farmacologia molecular --- Farmacologia obstètrica --- Farmacologia ocular --- Farmacologia pediàtrica --- Farmacologia respiratòria --- Farmacologia renal --- Farmacologia veterinària --- Immunofarmacologia --- Isòtops radioactius en farmacologia --- Neurofarmacologia --- Psicofarmacologia --- Química farmacèutica --- Radiofàrmacs --- Resistència als medicaments --- Toxicologia --- Medicaments --- Quimioteràpia --- Fotofarmacologia

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This Special Issue aims to highlight the dual potential of novel biocatalytic processes, where the first part is dedicated to waste valorization for the production of high value products, while the second part is focused on the detoxification of pollutants. Several examples of microbial systems employed for the valorization of waste streams derived by the forest, agricultural, and food industries or the use of whole-cell or enzyme approaches for the removal of nitrogen or dyes from industrial wastewaters are provided. Last but not least, an example of the utilization of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) was highlighted for the production of fatty acids, which were used for the enzymatic synthesis of sugar esters with antimicrobial properties.

mixotrophic --- heterotrophic --- lipids --- fatty acid methyl esters --- dairy wastewater --- birch hydrolysate --- green algae --- Coelastrella --- Chlorella --- DyP peroxidase --- oxidoreductase --- reactive dye --- decolorization --- biopolymers --- medium chain length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) --- hydrolysed waste cooking oil --- Pseudomonas putida KT2440 --- biocatalysis --- bioprocess --- polyhydroxyalkanoate --- (R)-3-hydroxyacids --- sugar esters --- antimicrobial --- anammox --- immobilization --- wastewater treatment --- polyvinyl alcohol --- olive mill waste --- lignocellulosic residues --- Ganoderma lucidum --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- medicinal mushrooms --- glucan --- prebiotic --- Lactobacillus --- Bifidobacterium --- waste valorization --- laccase --- genome-mining --- heterologous expression --- Pseudomonas --- non-digestible oligosaccharides --- Celluclast® --- cellobiose --- conduritol-B-epoxide --- lignocellulose enzyme hydrolysis --- n/a

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This book presents a state-of-the-art report on recent advances concerning Ganoderma and where the field is going. Although some older work is also cited, the main focus is on advances made over the past 20 years in the research history, classification, chemical components and industry of Ganoderma. Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to maintain health and to treat diseases for more than two thousand years. Recently, its value has been demonstrated in preventing and treating certain diseases, such as tumors, liver disorders, renal injury, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, cerebral ischemia reperfusion, bronchitis etc. In addition, laboratory and clinical studies have confirmed that the chemical components of Ganoderma, such as Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptides and triterpenes isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, produce diverse pharmacological effects. Ganoderma and its components play an important part in antioxidant stress, radical-scavenging, immunomodulation, and intracellular signaling regulation, and accordingly warrant further study. This book systematically reviews the latest advances in our understanding of Ganoderma’s basic knowledge, history of modern research, species, cultivation, components, spore polysaccharide and industry of Ganoderma, and offers researchers and graduate students valuable new insights into the development and clinical applications of Ganoderma and related products.

Pharmacology. --- Molecular biology. --- Cancer research. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Cancer Research. --- Ganoderma. --- Ganodermataceae --- Cancer research --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemicals --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect --- Medicina tradicional --- Xina --- Etnomedicina --- Folklore mèdic --- Medicina aborigen --- Medicina primitiva --- Folklore --- Medicina alternativa --- Curanderes --- Curanderos --- Antropologia mèdica --- Medicina popular --- Cathay --- China --- República de la Xina (1912-1949) --- República Popular de la Xina --- República Popular Xina --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Xina (República : 1912-1949) --- Àsia oriental --- Canton (Xina) --- Guangdong (Xina) --- Hainan (Xina : Sheng) --- Henan (Xina : Sheng) --- Hong Kong (Xina) --- Macau (Xina : Regió administrativa especial) --- Iang-Tsé (Xina : Curs d'aigua) --- Manxúria (Xina : Regió) --- Mongòlia Interior (Xina : Zizhiqu) --- Pequín (Xina) --- Sichuan (Xina : Sheng) --- Xinjiang (Xina : Regió) --- Xangai (Xina) --- Yunnan (Xina : Sheng) --- Brahmaputra (Àsia : Curs d'aigua) --- Tibet (Xina)