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Galectins are a family of soluble beta-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. There are sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes, and their expression profiles are very different between cell types, tissues, and species. This Special Issue covers recent progress in the field of the cell biology of galectins, relevant concepts of galectin regulatory mechanisms, and biomedical aspects of these unique multifunctional proteins.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- galectin-7 --- p53 --- MMP-9 --- cancer --- gain-of-function --- vasculature --- gene expression --- tube formation --- sprouting --- VEGF --- integrins --- galectin --- extracellular matrix --- microenvironment --- Yersinia enterocolitica --- YopP --- Galectin-1 --- nitric oxide --- macrophages --- epithelial tissues --- apoptosis --- targeting --- inhibitors --- β-hairpin --- β-sandwich --- blood group B --- lectin --- sugar code --- LGALS16 --- placenta --- brain tissues --- cell differentiation --- transcription factor --- miRNA --- galectin-3 --- cardiac fibrosis --- heart failure --- atrial fibrillation --- chronic inflammation --- MMPs --- microRNAs --- lncRNAs --- pectin --- structure and function --- bioactive polysaccharides --- galectin-3 inhibition --- galacto-oligosaccharides --- galectins --- intestinal epithelial cells --- β-3′galactosyllactose --- immunomodulation --- mucosal immunity --- O-GlcNAc --- unconventional secretion --- extraembryonic endoderm --- n/a --- β-3'galactosyllactose

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Galectins are a family of soluble beta-galactoside-binding proteins with diverse glycan-dependent and glycan-independent functions outside and inside the cell. There are sixteen recognized mammalian galectin genes, and their expression profiles are very different between cell types, tissues, and species. This Special Issue covers recent progress in the field of the cell biology of galectins, relevant concepts of galectin regulatory mechanisms, and biomedical aspects of these unique multifunctional proteins.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- galectin-7 --- p53 --- MMP-9 --- cancer --- gain-of-function --- vasculature --- gene expression --- tube formation --- sprouting --- VEGF --- integrins --- galectin --- extracellular matrix --- microenvironment --- Yersinia enterocolitica --- YopP --- Galectin-1 --- nitric oxide --- macrophages --- epithelial tissues --- apoptosis --- targeting --- inhibitors --- β-hairpin --- β-sandwich --- blood group B --- lectin --- sugar code --- LGALS16 --- placenta --- brain tissues --- cell differentiation --- transcription factor --- miRNA --- galectin-3 --- cardiac fibrosis --- heart failure --- atrial fibrillation --- chronic inflammation --- MMPs --- microRNAs --- lncRNAs --- pectin --- structure and function --- bioactive polysaccharides --- galectin-3 inhibition --- galacto-oligosaccharides --- galectins --- intestinal epithelial cells --- β-3'galactosyllactose --- immunomodulation --- mucosal immunity --- O-GlcNAc --- unconventional secretion --- extraembryonic endoderm

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Nephropathic cystinosis (MIM # 219800) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, encoded by the CTNS gene (17p13.2). This devastating condition initially affects kidneys and subsequently many other organs including eyes, thyroid, pancreas, muscles, and brain. While lysosomal cystine storage is a key feature of the disease and the main target of current therapy, recent groundbreaking research has revealed that cystinosin has diverse functions in cells, being involved in vesicle trafficking, energy homeostasis, and cell death mechanisms. These discoveries deepen our insights into the mechanisms of cystinosis and of lysosomal biology in general. In this Special Issue dedicated to the pioneer of cystinosis research Dr. Jerry Schneider, we highlight the state-of-the-art understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of various disease features, opening new horizons for innovative treatment strategies for cystinosis and potentially other lysosomal storage diseases.

cystinosis --- cysteamine --- bone --- osteoclast --- genotype --- CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- gene therapy --- pre-clinical studies --- investigational new drug application --- clinical trial --- disulfiram --- mice --- zebrafish --- fertility --- azoospermia --- hypogonadism --- histopathology --- mouse model --- lysosomal storage disease --- cell and animal models --- infantile nephropathic cystinosis --- bone-muscle wasting --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- osteoclasts --- sclerostin --- leptin --- fractures --- nephropathic cystinosis --- hollow fiber membrane --- 3-dimensional models --- autophagy --- macrophages --- inflammasome --- proximal tubular cells --- endocytosis --- apoptosis --- chitotriosidase --- interleukins --- galectin-3 --- novel therapies --- endolysosome --- epithelial cell differentiation --- homeostasis --- lysosomal storage diseases --- mitochondrial distress --- kidney proximal tubule --- programmed cell death --- central nervous system --- cortical atrophy --- arterial spin labelling --- cystine blood level --- lysosomal storage disorder --- history --- treatment strategies for cystinosis --- newborn screening --- clinical course --- CTNS-pathogenic variants --- newborn screening for cystinosis --- kidney progenitors --- cell model --- biomarkers --- cystine --- kidney --- therapeutic monitoring

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Nephropathic cystinosis (MIM # 219800) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin, encoded by the CTNS gene (17p13.2). This devastating condition initially affects kidneys and subsequently many other organs including eyes, thyroid, pancreas, muscles, and brain. While lysosomal cystine storage is a key feature of the disease and the main target of current therapy, recent groundbreaking research has revealed that cystinosin has diverse functions in cells, being involved in vesicle trafficking, energy homeostasis, and cell death mechanisms. These discoveries deepen our insights into the mechanisms of cystinosis and of lysosomal biology in general. In this Special Issue dedicated to the pioneer of cystinosis research Dr. Jerry Schneider, we highlight the state-of-the-art understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of various disease features, opening new horizons for innovative treatment strategies for cystinosis and potentially other lysosomal storage diseases.

Medicine --- Pharmacology --- cystinosis --- cysteamine --- bone --- osteoclast --- genotype --- CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- gene therapy --- pre-clinical studies --- investigational new drug application --- clinical trial --- disulfiram --- mice --- zebrafish --- fertility --- azoospermia --- hypogonadism --- histopathology --- mouse model --- lysosomal storage disease --- cell and animal models --- infantile nephropathic cystinosis --- bone-muscle wasting --- fibroblast growth factor 23 --- osteoclasts --- sclerostin --- leptin --- fractures --- nephropathic cystinosis --- hollow fiber membrane --- 3-dimensional models --- autophagy --- macrophages --- inflammasome --- proximal tubular cells --- endocytosis --- apoptosis --- chitotriosidase --- interleukins --- galectin-3 --- novel therapies --- endolysosome --- epithelial cell differentiation --- homeostasis --- lysosomal storage diseases --- mitochondrial distress --- kidney proximal tubule --- programmed cell death --- central nervous system --- cortical atrophy --- arterial spin labelling --- cystine blood level --- lysosomal storage disorder --- history --- treatment strategies for cystinosis --- newborn screening --- clinical course --- CTNS-pathogenic variants --- newborn screening for cystinosis --- kidney progenitors --- cell model --- biomarkers --- cystine --- kidney --- therapeutic monitoring

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The Special Issue entitled “Pediatric and adolescent nephrology facing the future: diagnostic advances and prognostic biomarkers in everyday practice” contains articles written in the era when COVID-19 had not yet been a major clinical problem in children. Now that we know its multifaceted clinical course, complications concerning the kidneys, and childhood-specific post-COVID pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS), the value of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the pediatric area should be appreciated, and their importance ought to increase.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- chronic kidney disease --- cytokines --- solitary functioning kidney --- tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis --- netrin-1 --- renal tubular damage --- premature newborns --- overactive bladder --- urinary microbiome --- children --- adolescents --- cystatin C --- galectin-3 --- periostin --- primary hypertension --- arterial damage --- blood pressure --- neurogenic bladder --- myelomeningocele --- markers --- furosemide stress test --- hyperfiltration --- [IGFBP-7] × [TIMP-2] --- NGAL --- renal angina index --- renal functional reserve --- tubular damage --- tubuloglomerular feedback --- neurotrophins --- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation --- hemopexin --- nephrotic syndrome --- HNF1B --- hyperuricemia --- PTH --- renal function --- uric acid --- FEUA --- sclerostin --- obesity --- childhood --- dental caries --- gingivitis --- kidney injury --- glomerulopathy --- glomerular injury --- alpha-1 acid glycoprotein --- urinary mRNA expression of podocyte-associated proteins --- cathepsin B --- premature neonates --- immaturity --- NT-proBNP --- cardiovascular disease --- common carotid artery intima-media thickness --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 --- extracellular matrix metalloproteinases inducer (EMMPRIN) --- macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) --- tubular functional reserve --- cytokeratin-18 --- endoglin --- transforming growth factor-β1 --- renal fibrosis --- congenital obstructive nephropathy --- diabetic kidney disease --- vascular endothelial markers --- eGFR --- adenine nucleotide metabolites --- chronic renal failure --- antibiotic resistance --- Escherichia coli --- inflammatory markers --- urinary tract infection --- B2M --- cancer --- CCS --- CKD --- nephropathies --- renal toxicity --- voiding cystography --- infection --- urinary tract --- IgA nephropathy --- IgA vasculitis with nephritis --- vanin-1 --- biomarker --- urinary tract infections --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- medical decision support system --- n/a