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ANTIBIOTICS --- METABOLITES --- ANALOGS --- BACTERICIDES --- HALOPHILIC BACTERIA --- TEMPERATURE --- EFFECTS --- SPORULATION --- PERMEASES --- EXOENZYMES --- ECOLOGY --- NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS --- GROWTH RATES --- GROWTH --- MICROBIOLOGY --- PHYSIOLOGY --- MANUALS

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ECOSYSTEMS --- PROPERTIES --- PHOSPHORUS CYCLE --- NITROGEN CYCLE --- YEASTS --- BACTERIA --- INORGANIC SALTS --- PRODUCTION --- ALGAE --- ANTIBIOTICS --- PHYTOPLANKTON --- GROWTH RATES --- MICROBIOLOGY --- TAXONOMY --- INTERACTIONS

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This study illustrates the mechanisms linking national saving and economic growth, with the purpose of understanding the possibilities and limits of a saving-based growth agenda in the context of the Egyptian economy. This is done through a simple theoretical model, calibrated to fit the Egyptian economy, and simulated to explore different potential scenarios. The main conclusion is that if the Egyptian economy does not experience progress in productivity-stemming from technological innovation, improved public management, and private-sector reforms-then a high rate of economic growth is not feasible at current rates of national saving and would require a saving effort that is highly unrealistic. For instance, financing a constant 4 percent growth rate of gross domestic product per capita with no improvement in total factor productivity would require a national saving rate of around 50 percent in the first decade and 80 percent in 25 years. However, if productivity rises, sustaining and improving high rates of economic growth becomes viable. Following the previous example, a 2 percent growth rate of total factor productivity would allow a 4 percent growth rate of gross domestic product per capita with national saving rate in the realistic range of 20-25 percent of gross domestic product.

Access to Finance --- Achieving Shared Growth --- Domestic investment --- Economic Growth --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Growth rates --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Output --- Private entities

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This paper provides evidence from eight developing countries of an inverse relationship between poverty and city size. Poverty is both more widespread and deeper in very small and small towns than in large or very large cities. This basic pattern is generally robust to choice of poverty line. The paper shows, further, that for all eight countries, a majority of the urban poor live in medium, small, or very small towns. Moreover, it is shown that the greater incidence and severity of consumption poverty in smaller towns is generally compounded by similarly greater deprivation in terms of access to basic infrastructure services, such as electricity, heating gas, sewerage, and solid waste disposal. The authors illustrate for one country-Morocco-that inequality within large cities is not driven by a severe dichotomy between slum dwellers and others. The notion of a single cleavage between slum residents and well-to-do burghers as the driver of urban inequality in the developing world thus appears to be unsubstantiated-at least in this case. Robustness checks are performed to assess whether the findings in the paper are driven by price variation across city-size categories, by the reliance on an income-based concept of well-being, and by the application of small-area estimation techniques for estimating poverty rates at the town and city level.

Cities --- City Development Strategies --- Developing countries --- Economic change --- Economic performance --- Growth rates --- Poverty Reduction --- Regional Economic Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Subnational Economic Development

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This paper presents asymptotic theory and Monte-Carlo simulations comparing maximum-likelihood bivariate probit and linear instrumental variables estimators of treatment effects in models with a binary endogenous treatment and binary outcome. The three main contributions of the paper are (a) clarifying the relationship between the Average Treatment Effect obtained in the bivariate probit model and the Local Average Treatment Effect estimated through linear IV; (b) comparing the mean-square error and the actual size and power of tests based on these estimators across a wide range of parameter values relative to the existing literature; and (c) assessing the performance of misspecification tests for bivariate probit models. The authors recommend two changes to common practices: bootstrapped confidence intervals for both estimators, and a score test to check goodness of fit for the bivariate probit model.

Econometrics --- Educational Technology and Distance Education --- Growth Rates --- International Economics & Trade --- Market Integration --- Output --- Regulatory Environment --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks --- Statistical & Mathematical Sciences