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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- Endocrinology --- Diabetes --- Pregnancy --- gestational diabetes (GDM) --- pre-existing diabetes --- maternal health --- fetal development --- long-term health effects --- child health

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The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device, which transforms a fuel such as hydrogen and an oxidant such as oxygen in ambient air into electricity with heat and water byproducts. The device is more efficient than an internal combustion engine because reactants are directly converted into energy through a one-step electrochemical reaction. Fuel cells combined with water electrolyzers, which electrochemically split water into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable energy sources such as solar, mitigate global warming concerns with reduced carbon dioxide emissions. This collection of papers covers recent advancements in fuel cell technology aimed at reducing cost, improving performance, and extending durability, which are perceived as crucial for a successful commercialization. Almost all key materials, as well as their integration into a cell, are discussed: the bus plates that collect the electrical current, the gas diffusion medium that distributes the reactants over catalysts promoting faster reactions, and the membrane separating oxygen and hydrogen gases and closing the electrical circuit by transporting protons. Fuel cell operation below the freezing point of water and with impure reactant streams, which impacts durability, is also discussed.

Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- PEM fuel cell --- membrane electrode assembly (MEA) --- response surface method --- computational fuel cell dynamics --- fuel impurities --- ISO concentration --- ultralow-loaded anode catalyst layer --- platinum electrode --- shut-down and start-up process --- proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- graphene thin film --- current collector --- module --- proton exchange membrane fuel cells --- durability --- contamination --- cathode --- catalyst loading --- performance --- recovery --- nitrogen dioxide --- subzero cold-starts --- automotive --- isothermal water fill tests --- PEMFCs --- asymmetric &amp --- symmetric GDM --- Freudenberg --- SGL 29BC --- dead-ended anode (DEA) mode --- cathode catalyst layer --- I/C ratio --- diffusion limitation --- conductivity limitation --- composite membranes --- electrolyte --- PEM --- fuel cells --- electrolysers --- oxygen reduction --- oxygen evolution --- PEM water electorolyzer --- porous structure --- carbon-free --- catalyst layer --- polymer electrolyte fuel cell --- oxygen transport resistance --- oxygen reduction reaction kinetics --- platinum ionomer interface --- ionomer thin film --- PEM fuel cell --- membrane electrode assembly (MEA) --- response surface method --- computational fuel cell dynamics --- fuel impurities --- ISO concentration --- ultralow-loaded anode catalyst layer --- platinum electrode --- shut-down and start-up process --- proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- graphene thin film --- current collector --- module --- proton exchange membrane fuel cells --- durability --- contamination --- cathode --- catalyst loading --- performance --- recovery --- nitrogen dioxide --- subzero cold-starts --- automotive --- isothermal water fill tests --- PEMFCs --- asymmetric &amp --- symmetric GDM --- Freudenberg --- SGL 29BC --- dead-ended anode (DEA) mode --- cathode catalyst layer --- I/C ratio --- diffusion limitation --- conductivity limitation --- composite membranes --- electrolyte --- PEM --- fuel cells --- electrolysers --- oxygen reduction --- oxygen evolution --- PEM water electorolyzer --- porous structure --- carbon-free --- catalyst layer --- polymer electrolyte fuel cell --- oxygen transport resistance --- oxygen reduction reaction kinetics --- platinum ionomer interface --- ionomer thin film

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The papers included in this issue vary from research on pregnancy outcomes to screening and diagnosis of GDM, the use of new biomarkers, and the evaluation of long-term metabolic risk and intervention strategies postpartum in mothers and offspring.

Medicine --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- treatment --- education --- group education --- long-term metabolic outcome --- offspring --- overweight --- obesity --- adiposity --- glucose intolerance --- abnormal glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- glucose tolerance --- Mediterranean diet --- nutritional intervention --- pregnancy nutrition --- biomarker --- insulin secretion --- pregnancy --- secretagogin --- gestational diabetes --- fetal ultrasound --- fetal anthropometry --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal complications --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- postpartum --- lifestyle intervention --- mobile-based --- bariatric surgery --- pregnancy outcome --- glucose homeostasis --- gastric bypass --- sleeve gastrectomy --- small-for-gestational age --- self-monitoring of blood glucose --- continuous glucose monitoring --- Institute of Medicine --- weight gain --- length of follow-up --- oral glucose tolerance test --- reproducibility --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia in pregnancy --- early gestational diabetes --- fetal malformations --- Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) --- Australian Diabetes Society (ADS) --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZOG) --- GDM --- recurrence --- insulin sensitivity --- (early) pregnancy --- growth --- glucose --- LGA --- maternal health --- child health --- OGTT --- meal tolerance test --- postprandial --- early screening --- protein biomarker --- epidemiology --- twins --- pre-existing diabetes --- prevalence --- trends --- perinatal outcomes --- n/a

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The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is an electrochemical energy conversion device, which transforms a fuel such as hydrogen and an oxidant such as oxygen in ambient air into electricity with heat and water byproducts. The device is more efficient than an internal combustion engine because reactants are directly converted into energy through a one-step electrochemical reaction. Fuel cells combined with water electrolyzers, which electrochemically split water into hydrogen and oxygen using renewable energy sources such as solar, mitigate global warming concerns with reduced carbon dioxide emissions. This collection of papers covers recent advancements in fuel cell technology aimed at reducing cost, improving performance, and extending durability, which are perceived as crucial for a successful commercialization. Almost all key materials, as well as their integration into a cell, are discussed: the bus plates that collect the electrical current, the gas diffusion medium that distributes the reactants over catalysts promoting faster reactions, and the membrane separating oxygen and hydrogen gases and closing the electrical circuit by transporting protons. Fuel cell operation below the freezing point of water and with impure reactant streams, which impacts durability, is also discussed.

PEM fuel cell --- membrane electrode assembly (MEA) --- response surface method --- computational fuel cell dynamics --- fuel impurities --- ISO concentration --- ultralow-loaded anode catalyst layer --- platinum electrode --- shut-down and start-up process --- proton exchange membrane fuel cell --- graphene thin film --- current collector --- module --- proton exchange membrane fuel cells --- durability --- contamination --- cathode --- catalyst loading --- performance --- recovery --- nitrogen dioxide --- subzero cold-starts --- automotive --- isothermal water fill tests --- PEMFCs --- asymmetric &amp --- symmetric GDM --- Freudenberg --- SGL 29BC --- dead-ended anode (DEA) mode --- cathode catalyst layer --- I/C ratio --- diffusion limitation --- conductivity limitation --- composite membranes --- electrolyte --- PEM --- fuel cells --- electrolysers --- oxygen reduction --- oxygen evolution --- PEM water electorolyzer --- porous structure --- carbon-free --- catalyst layer --- polymer electrolyte fuel cell --- oxygen transport resistance --- oxygen reduction reaction kinetics --- platinum ionomer interface --- ionomer thin film

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The papers included in this issue vary from research on pregnancy outcomes to screening and diagnosis of GDM, the use of new biomarkers, and the evaluation of long-term metabolic risk and intervention strategies postpartum in mothers and offspring.

Medicine --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- treatment --- education --- group education --- long-term metabolic outcome --- offspring --- overweight --- obesity --- adiposity --- glucose intolerance --- abnormal glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- glucose tolerance --- Mediterranean diet --- nutritional intervention --- pregnancy nutrition --- biomarker --- insulin secretion --- pregnancy --- secretagogin --- gestational diabetes --- fetal ultrasound --- fetal anthropometry --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal complications --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- postpartum --- lifestyle intervention --- mobile-based --- bariatric surgery --- pregnancy outcome --- glucose homeostasis --- gastric bypass --- sleeve gastrectomy --- small-for-gestational age --- self-monitoring of blood glucose --- continuous glucose monitoring --- Institute of Medicine --- weight gain --- length of follow-up --- oral glucose tolerance test --- reproducibility --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia in pregnancy --- early gestational diabetes --- fetal malformations --- Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) --- Australian Diabetes Society (ADS) --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZOG) --- GDM --- recurrence --- insulin sensitivity --- (early) pregnancy --- growth --- glucose --- LGA --- maternal health --- child health --- OGTT --- meal tolerance test --- postprandial --- early screening --- protein biomarker --- epidemiology --- twins --- pre-existing diabetes --- prevalence --- trends --- perinatal outcomes --- gestational diabetes mellitus --- treatment --- education --- group education --- long-term metabolic outcome --- offspring --- overweight --- obesity --- adiposity --- glucose intolerance --- abnormal glucose tolerance --- insulin resistance --- glucose tolerance --- Mediterranean diet --- nutritional intervention --- pregnancy nutrition --- biomarker --- insulin secretion --- pregnancy --- secretagogin --- gestational diabetes --- fetal ultrasound --- fetal anthropometry --- pregnancy outcomes --- neonatal complications --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- postpartum --- lifestyle intervention --- mobile-based --- bariatric surgery --- pregnancy outcome --- glucose homeostasis --- gastric bypass --- sleeve gastrectomy --- small-for-gestational age --- self-monitoring of blood glucose --- continuous glucose monitoring --- Institute of Medicine --- weight gain --- length of follow-up --- oral glucose tolerance test --- reproducibility --- diabetes --- hyperglycemia in pregnancy --- early gestational diabetes --- fetal malformations --- Australian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) --- Australian Diabetes Society (ADS) --- COVID-19 --- pandemic --- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZOG) --- GDM --- recurrence --- insulin sensitivity --- (early) pregnancy --- growth --- glucose --- LGA --- maternal health --- child health --- OGTT --- meal tolerance test --- postprandial --- early screening --- protein biomarker --- epidemiology --- twins --- pre-existing diabetes --- prevalence --- trends --- perinatal outcomes