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The comparative approach takes advantage of the biological diversity to select the most appropriate model organism to tackle a scientific question. Comparisons between the endocrine and nervous systems across species have yielded major breakthroughs in endocrinology and neurobiology. For instance: a number of mammalian peptide hormones and neuropeptides have been originally identified in fish or amphibians; studies conducted in a sea slug founded the cellular and molecular basis of learning and memory; observations of neurogenesis in the forebrain of songbirds led to the discovery of adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. These examples illustrate the remarkable contribution of the comparative approach for the advancement of neuroendocrinological concepts. The present e-book is a unique collection of research articles and reviews that provide a representative overview of the latest developments in comparative endocrinology and neurobiology.

G protein-coupled receptors --- endocrine disruptors --- biological rythms --- steroids --- peptide hormones and neuropeptides --- melatonin --- behavior --- reproduction

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- cardiooncology --- cardiotoxicity --- antracyclines --- biomarkers --- GPCR (G protein coupled receptors) --- epigenetics (methylation/demethylation) --- HPSC-cardiomyocytes --- HDLP

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The comparative approach takes advantage of the biological diversity to select the most appropriate model organism to tackle a scientific question. Comparisons between the endocrine and nervous systems across species have yielded major breakthroughs in endocrinology and neurobiology. For instance: a number of mammalian peptide hormones and neuropeptides have been originally identified in fish or amphibians; studies conducted in a sea slug founded the cellular and molecular basis of learning and memory; observations of neurogenesis in the forebrain of songbirds led to the discovery of adult neurogenesis in the mammalian brain. These examples illustrate the remarkable contribution of the comparative approach for the advancement of neuroendocrinological concepts. The present e-book is a unique collection of research articles and reviews that provide a representative overview of the latest developments in comparative endocrinology and neurobiology.

G protein-coupled receptors --- endocrine disruptors --- biological rythms --- steroids --- peptide hormones and neuropeptides --- melatonin --- behavior --- reproduction

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G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of drug targets for human diseases. An important number of them remain devoid of confirmed ligands. GPR101 is one of these orphan receptors, which constitutively activates Gs, Gq/11 and G12/13, and is expressed notably in the hypothalamus, but also in other organs such as the pituitary gland. 
Here we studied the role of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2), the longest and most diverse of the rhodopsin-like GPCRs, which contains a highly conserved cysteine through which it binds to the top of the transmembrane domain 3 (TM3). To address the function of the GPR101 ECL2, we used site-directed mutagenesis. Three mutants were designed and made: a substitution of both the cysteine at position 182 and the tryptophan at position 186, as well as a complete deletion of the ECL2 sequence. 
Using computational approaches, the ECL2 structure of GPR101 was proposed to consist of a pair of antiparallel β-sheets, which could belong to so-called “group B” of the newly established classification system for ECL2. 
At this stage, questions surrounding the function of ECL2 in GPR101 remain unanswered. Consequently, efforts need to be directed towards understanding the function of this receptor.

GPR101 --- ECL2 --- Molecular Biology --- G protein-coupled receptors --- GPCR --- Pharmacology --- Sciences du vivant > Biochimie, biophysique & biologie moléculaire

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Regulatory peptides represent the most diverse and versatile family of messenger molecules. They are produced by all living organisms from bacteria to mammals. They are involved in a wide variety of biological functions. Biologically active peptides and their receptors thus constitute an unlimited source of inspiration for the development of innovative drugs and cosmetics. The present eBook is a unique collection of research articles and reviews that provide a representative examplification of the latest progress in regulatory peptide research.

G protein-coupled receptors --- Cardiovascular peptides --- Antimicrobial peptides --- Peptides and cancer --- Neuropeptides --- Gliopeptides --- Biologically active peptides --- Gastrointestinal peptides