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Calcium is vital for human physiology; it mediates multiple signaling cascades, critical for cell survival, differentiation, or death both as first and as second messenger. The role of calcium as first messenger is mediated by the G-protein coupled receptor, the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). The CaSR is a multifaceted molecule that senses changes in the concentration of a wide variety of environmental factors including di- and trivalent cations, amino acids, polyamines, and pH. In calcitropic tissues with obvious roles in calcium homeostasis such as parathyroid, kidney, and bone it regulates circulating calcium concentrations. The germline mutations of the CaSR cause parathyroid disorders demonstrating the importance of the CaSR for the maintenance of serum calcium homeostasis. The CaSR has an important role also in a range of non-calcitropic tissues, such as the intestine, lungs, central and peripheral nervous system, breast, skin and reproductive system, where it regulates molecular and cellular processes such as gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis; as well as regulating hormone secretion and lactation. This Research Topic is an overview of the CaSR and its molecular signaling properties together with the various organ systems where it plays an important role. The articles highlight the current knowledge regarding many aspects of the calcitropic and non-calcitropic physiology and pathophysiology of the CaSR.

proliferation and differentiation --- metastasis --- vitamin D --- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) --- crystal structure --- parathyroid hormone (PTH) --- cancer --- Alzheimer

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Calcium is vital for human physiology; it mediates multiple signaling cascades, critical for cell survival, differentiation, or death both as first and as second messenger. The role of calcium as first messenger is mediated by the G-protein coupled receptor, the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). The CaSR is a multifaceted molecule that senses changes in the concentration of a wide variety of environmental factors including di- and trivalent cations, amino acids, polyamines, and pH. In calcitropic tissues with obvious roles in calcium homeostasis such as parathyroid, kidney, and bone it regulates circulating calcium concentrations. The germline mutations of the CaSR cause parathyroid disorders demonstrating the importance of the CaSR for the maintenance of serum calcium homeostasis. The CaSR has an important role also in a range of non-calcitropic tissues, such as the intestine, lungs, central and peripheral nervous system, breast, skin and reproductive system, where it regulates molecular and cellular processes such as gene expression, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis; as well as regulating hormone secretion and lactation. This Research Topic is an overview of the CaSR and its molecular signaling properties together with the various organ systems where it plays an important role. The articles highlight the current knowledge regarding many aspects of the calcitropic and non-calcitropic physiology and pathophysiology of the CaSR.

proliferation and differentiation --- metastasis --- vitamin D --- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) --- crystal structure --- parathyroid hormone (PTH) --- cancer --- Alzheimer

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Few neurotransmitter systems have fascinated as much as the opioid system (i.e., opioid ligands and their receptors). Over the years, scientific studies of the endogenous opioid system have uncovered a complex and subtle system that exhibits impressive diversity, based on its critical role in modulating a large number of sensory, motivational, emotional and cognitive functions. Additionally, its important therapeutic value for the treatment of many human disorders, including pain, affective and addictive disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders, has been of persistent interest. This book specifically covers a broad area of the opioid research, offering up-to-date and new perspectives about opioid drug discovery. The diversity among the discussed topics ranging from medicinal chemistry to opioid pharmacology, from basic science to translational research, is a testimony to the complexity of the opioid system that results from the expression, regulation and functional role of opioid ligands and their receptors. This book will serve as a useful reference to scientists while also stimulating continuous research in the chemistry and pharmacology of the opioid system, with the prospective for finding improved therapies of human diseases where the opioid system plays a central role.

thiazole --- piperazine --- tail-clip --- hot-plate --- acetic acid-induced writhing test --- opioid --- prodynorphin --- epigenetics --- transcription --- human brain --- morphine dosing --- behavior --- locomotor activity --- tolerance --- µ-opioid receptor --- DAMGO --- SR-17018 --- buprenorphine --- nalbuphine --- kappa opioid receptor agonist --- pruritis --- scratching --- mice --- TAT-HIV --- cholestasis --- chloroquine --- deoxycholic acid --- analgesic --- δ opioid receptor --- G-protein-biased agonist --- opioid peptide --- rubiscolins --- µ-opioid analgesics --- angiotensin receptors --- chronic pain --- neuropathic pain --- delta opioid receptor --- inverse agonist --- irreversible antagonist --- non-competitive antagonist --- molecular pharmacology --- free fatty acid receptors --- lipids --- opioid receptor --- colitis --- chemotype --- high-throughput screen --- allosteric modulation --- beta-arrestin --- molecular dynamics --- opioid receptors --- β-amino acids --- peptide synthesis --- receptor binding studies --- functional assay --- nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor --- NOP receptor --- ligands --- nociceptin --- N/OFQ --- analgesia --- GPCR --- HS-731 --- peripheral opioid agonist --- binding --- selectivity --- molecular docking --- molecular dynamics simulations --- n/a --- fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) --- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) --- serotonin

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This Special Issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) is dedicated to the mechanisms mediated at the molecular and cellular levels in response to adverse genomic perturbations and DNA replication stress. The relevant proteins and processes play paramount roles in nucleic acid transactions to maintain genomic stability and cellular homeostasis. A total of 18 articles are presented which encompass a broad range of highly relevant topics in genome biology. These include replication fork dynamics, DNA repair processes, DNA damage signaling and cell cycle control, cancer biology, epigenetics, cellular senescence, neurodegeneration, and aging. As Guest Editor for this IJMS Special Issue, I am very pleased to offer this collection of riveting articles centered on the theme of DNA replication stress. The blend of articles builds upon a theme that DNA damage has profound consequences for genomic stability and cellular homeostasis that affect tissue function, disease, cancer, and aging at multiple levels and through unique mechanisms. I thank the authors for their excellent contributions, which provide new insight into this fascinating and highly relevant area of genome biology.

Werner Syndrome --- n/a --- A549 cells --- epigenetic --- neurodegeneration --- Genome integrity --- adaptation --- cellular senescence --- genome instability --- Werner Syndrome Protein --- lipofuscin --- cell cycle checkpoints --- exonuclease 1 --- template-switching --- energy metabolism --- mutation frequency --- DNA replication --- fork regression --- motor neuron disease --- Microsatellites --- Alzheimer’s disease --- chromatin remodeler --- repair of DNA damage --- AP site analogue --- mutagens --- replication timing --- Thermococcus eurythermalis --- nucleolar stress --- gene expression --- mutations spectra --- origin firing --- Fanconi Anemia --- superfamily 2 ATPase --- DNA translocation --- DNA repair --- SSB signaling --- homologous recombination --- common fragile sites --- 8-chloro-adenosine --- replication --- genome stability --- mutagenicity --- fork reversal --- multiple sclerosis --- non-B DNA --- protein stability --- heterogeneity --- ubiquitin --- SenTraGorTM (GL13) --- replication restart --- EdU --- ?-arrestin --- NER --- aging --- SSB end resection --- oxidative stress --- ATR --- dormant origins --- R loops --- DNA damage response --- Difficult-to-Replicate Sequences --- DNA double-strand repair --- endonuclease IV --- ALS --- double strand break repair --- premature aging --- replication stress --- EXO1 --- POL? --- translesion synthesis --- strand displacements --- G2-arrest --- DNA replication pattern --- SSB repair --- genome integrity --- G protein-coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 2 (GIT2) --- MMR --- replicative stress --- senolytics --- spacer --- interactome --- ATR-Chk1 DDR pathway --- C9orf72 --- replication fork restart --- translesion DNA synthesis --- DNA damage --- mismatch repair --- DNA replication stress --- DNA helicase --- Polymerase kappa --- DNA fiber assay --- H1299 cells --- TLS --- APE2 --- ageing --- cell death --- chromosome --- TopBP1 --- barley --- clock proteins --- post-translational modification --- 8-oxoG --- S phase --- ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) --- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) --- Polymerase eta --- cancer --- G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) --- helicase --- genomic instability --- Parkinson’s disease --- nucleotide excision repair --- SupF --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease

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Discovered over 40 years ago, the annexin proteins were found to be a structurally conserved subgroup of Ca2+-binding proteins. While the initial research on annexins focused on their signature feature of Ca2+-dependent binding to membranes, over the years, the biennial “Annexin” conference series has highlighted additional diversity in the functions attributed to the annexin family of proteins. The roles of these proteins now extend from basic science to biomedical research, and are being translated into clinical settings. Research on annexins involves a global network of researchers and the 10th biennial Annexin conference brought together over 80 researchers from ten European countries, USA, Brazil, Singapore, Japan, and Australia for 3 days in September 2019. In this conference, the discussions focused on two distinct themes — the role of annexins in cellular organization and health and disease. The articles published in this Special Issue cover these two main themes discussed at the conference, offering a glimpse into some of the notable findings in the field of annexin biology

Research & information: general --- inflammation --- nigericin --- pyroptosis --- mass spectrometry --- lipidomics --- anxA2 --- Birbeck granules --- Langerhans cell --- A2t --- annexin --- plasma membrane repair --- membrane curvature --- membrane curvature sensing --- membrane shaping --- interdisciplinary research --- cell rupture --- membrane damage --- bias analysis --- G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) --- formyl peptide receptor 1 --- danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) --- pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) --- annexin A1 peptide Ac2-26 --- cholesterol --- AnxA6 --- chaperone-mediated autophagy --- endolysosomes --- NPC1 --- Lamp2A --- annexin A2 --- microdomain --- cross-linker --- quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) --- mucin-1 --- claudin-1 --- zona occludens --- ERK1/2 pathway --- angiogenesis --- F-actin polymerization --- BeWo spheroids --- Ishikawa cells --- influenza --- RNA-sequencing --- transcriptomics --- autophagy --- Annexin-A1 --- infection --- adherens junction --- macroautophagy --- breast cancer --- estrogen receptor negative --- Annexin A2 --- metastasis --- annexin-A6 --- membrane repair --- human skeletal muscle --- cap subdomain --- fluorescence --- electron microscopy --- CLEM --- annexin A6 --- RasGRF2 --- EGFR --- cell growth --- cell motility --- acquired resistance --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- muscle injury --- plasma membrane --- vesicle --- muscular dystrophy --- annexinA2 egress --- exocytosis --- chromaffin cells --- thrombosis --- Annexin A1 --- formyl peptide receptors --- sickle cell disease --- sepsis --- Annexin --- membrane --- injury --- virus --- lipid --- cancer