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It has been over 200 years since Fusarium pathogens were described for the first time, and they are still in the spotlight of researchers worldwide, mostly due to the mycotoxigenic abilities and the subsequent introduction of harmful metabolites into the food chain. The accelerating climatic changes are resulting in pathogen population and chemotype shifts all around the world, thus increasing the demand for continuous studies of factors that affect the virulence, disease severity and mycotoxin accumulation in plant tissues. This Special Issue summarizes recent advances in the field of Fusarium genetics, biology and toxicology.

Fusarium head blight --- Fusarium species --- soil minerals --- mycotoxins --- organic farming --- sowing value --- winter wheat --- Maize --- Fusarium --- monitoring --- forage --- silage --- maize ear rot --- nivalenol --- fumonisins --- flax --- Fusarium oxysporum --- pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains --- sensitization --- DNA methylation --- PR genes --- ear rot --- maize --- FUM1 --- pathogenicity --- virulence --- Fusarium graminearum --- next-generation sequencing --- proteomics --- photobiology --- transcription factor --- White collar complex --- Fusarium asiaticum --- colonization --- endophyte --- Fo47 --- wilt disease --- fusarium --- LC-MS/MS --- mycotoxin --- occurrence --- wheat --- trichothecene --- NF-κB --- intestinal inflammation --- combinatory effects --- food safety --- resistance expression --- aggressiveness --- F. graminearum --- F. culmorum --- isolate effect --- disease index --- Fusarium-damaged kernel --- deoxynivalenol --- susceptibility window --- inoculation time and FHB response --- keratomycosis --- onychomycosis --- horizontal cross-kingdom --- disease index (DI) --- fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) --- deoxynivalenol (DON) --- host-pathogen relations --- phenotyping FHB --- Cereals --- silo --- fungi --- modelling --- 3D colonisation --- respiration --- ergosterol --- zearalenone --- trichothecenes. --- n/a

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A virus (from the Latin word 'vīrus' meaning 'venom' or 'poison') is a microorganism invisible to the naked eye. Viruses can multiply exclusively by entering a cell and using the cell's resources to create copies of themselves. As the origin of their name suggests, viruses are generally considered dangerous, harmful and often deadly. Some of the most well-studied and widely known viruses, such as HIV and influenza, infect humans. However, viruses can also infect animals, plants and microorganisms, including fungi. Many fungi are medically, ecologically and economically significant, for example, causing diseases to humans, plants and insects or being used in industry to produce bread, cheese, beer and wine. Viruses that infect fungi are called mycoviruses (from the Greek work 'myco', meaning 'fungus'). Mycoviruses do not cause harm to or kill the infected fungus; in contrast, they are 'friendly' viruses and we can utilize them to control the growth, pathogenicity and toxin production of fungi. This book describes a range of different mycoviruses and their geographical distribution, transmission and evolution, together with their effects on the fungal hosts and how these are brought about.]

n/a --- recombination --- Brunchorstia pinea --- fungal viruses --- virus evolution --- isogenic --- fusarivirus --- Castanea sativa --- sequencing --- PsV-F --- conidiogenesis --- Narnaviridae --- Prunus --- virus discovery --- dicer --- totivirus --- killer toxin --- Saccharomyces paradoxus --- Aspergillus fumigatus tetramycovirus-1. --- Fusarium head blight --- dsRNA --- hypovirus --- killer system --- victorivirus --- Leptosphaeria biglobosa quadrivirus --- Entomophthora --- biological control --- RNA genome --- stone fruit --- hypervirulence --- Aspergillus fumigatus chrysovirus --- phylogeny --- A. fumigatus --- Mymonaviridae --- endornavirus --- mycovirus --- Aspergillus --- double-stranded RNA virus --- gemycircularvirus --- Alphapartitivirus --- Partitivirus --- capsid structure --- RnQV1 --- dsRNA virus --- RNA silencing --- capsid protein --- Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IA --- multiplex PCR --- A. nidulans --- conifers --- Entomophthoromycotina --- Magnaporthe oryzae. chrysovirus 1 --- sclerogenesis --- Mitovirus --- chrysovirus --- A. niger --- selection pressure --- viral lineage --- A. thermomutatus --- transmission --- Tymovirales --- brown rot --- PcV --- Botrytis cinerea mymonavirus 1 --- Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus --- mitovirus --- populations study --- ssRNA --- mitochondrion --- partitivirus --- rice blast fungus --- database mining --- fungal virus --- horizontal virus transmission --- antiviral --- Aspergillus fumigatus partitivirus-1 --- hypovirulence --- Ethiopia --- chestnut blight --- Trichoderma atroviride --- Botrytis cinerea --- Cryphonectria parasitica --- Totiviridae --- small RNA --- infection cushion --- ash dieback --- Beauveria bassiana --- Rhizophagus --- Sclerotinia minor --- polymycovirus --- biocontrol --- genomic structure analysis --- Mycovirus --- dsRNA mycoviruses --- mycorrhizal fungi --- evolution --- invasive species --- transmissibility --- Chalara fraxinea --- tRFs --- ScV-L-A

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The evolution and need for the preservation and maintenance of existing structures, recent or historical, has fostered research in the area of structural monitoring, translated into the development of new techniques, equipment and sensors. Early detection of damage and accurate assessment of structural safety requires monitoring systems, the data from which can be used to calibrate numerical models for structural analysis and to assess safety. Data are obtained under real-time conditions, considering a group of parameters related to structural properties, such as stresses, accelerations, deformations and displacements. The analysis of structural properties is particularly relevant when the structure is subjected to extreme events (earthquakes, wind, fire and explosions, among others) or repeated loads (road/rail/air traffic, vibrations induced by equipment and machines), since they affect the structural integrity and put the users at risk. In order to prevent the severe damage and eventual collapse of structures, and consequent human, material and economic losses, the implementation of monitoring systems becomes a valuable tool for today's society. Monitoring of structures is becoming increasingly important, not only as preventive action, but also due to actual economic and sustainability concerns, to ensure a safer and more comfortable built environment.

image-based measurement --- crack measurement --- shear cracks --- flexural cracks --- damage index --- nuclear power plant --- visual inspection --- photometric stereo --- 3D reconstruction --- rotating stall --- non-synchronous blade vibration --- blade tip timing --- centrifugal compressor --- distributed measurements --- fiber optic sensors --- scour --- soil-structure interaction --- winkler model --- equivalent length --- corrosion sensor --- oil and gas pipelines --- optical fibers --- Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) --- distributed optical fiber strain sensing cable --- Brillouin scattering --- Rayleigh scattering --- strain sensing cable characterization --- elasto-plastic behavior --- strain sensitivity coefficients --- bridge damage detection --- fiber optic gyroscope --- deep learning --- convolutional neural network --- Fiber Bragg grating --- fiber optic sensors embedded in concrete --- strain measurement --- monitoring --- cracking --- weldable fiber optic sensors --- optical fiber sensors --- material extrusion --- hybrid processes --- temperature and strain monitoring --- similarity measure --- subway tunnel --- distributed vibration --- feature extraction --- autoencoder --- ultra-weak FBG --- hyperspectral imaging --- spectral indices --- random forest --- growth stage --- Fusarium head blight --- structural health monitoring --- load localization --- load estimation --- depth sensor --- artificial neural networks --- castigliano’s theorem --- crack detection --- crack opening --- distributed fiber optic sensors --- DIC --- UHPFRC --- testing --- SHM --- microcracking --- PAD --- environmental monitoring --- colorimetric detection --- water --- atmosphere