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This paper adopts a new approach to the issue of foreign aid fungibility. In contrast to most existing empirical studies, panel data are employed that contain information on the specific purposes for which aid is given. This allows linking aid that is provided for education and health purposes to recipient public spending in these sectors. In addition, aid flows that are recorded on a recipient's budget are distinguished from those that are not recorded on budget, and the previous failure to differentiate between on- and off-budget aid is shown to produce biased estimates of fungibility. Sector program aid is the measure of on-budget aid, whereas technical cooperation serves as a proxy for off-budget aid. The appropriate treatment of off-budget aid leads to lower fungibility estimates than those reported in many previous studies. Specifically, in both sectors and across a range of specifications, technical cooperation, which is the largest component of total education and health aid, leads to, at most, a small displacement of recipient public expenditures.

Debt Markets --- Disability --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Foreign aid --- Fungibility --- Gender and Health --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public education expenditure --- Public health expenditure --- Public Sector Expenditure Policy

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The world of money is being transformed as households and organizations face changing economies, and new currencies and payment systems like Bitcoin and Apple Pay gain ground. What is money, and how do we make sense of it? Money Talks is the first book to offer a wide range of alternative and unexpected explanations of how social relations, emotions, moral concerns, and institutions shape how we create, mark, and use money. This collection brings together a stellar group of international experts from multiple disciplines-sociology, economics, history, law, anthropology, political science, and philosophy-to propose fresh explanations for money's origins, uses, effects, and future.Money Talks explores five key questions: How do social relationships, emotions, and morals shape how people account for and use their money? How do corporations infuse social meaning into their financing and investment practices? What are the historical, political, and social foundations of currencies? When does money become contested, and are there things money shouldn't buy? What is the impact of the new twenty-first-century currencies on our social relations?At a time of growing concern over financial inequality, Money Talks overturns conventional views about money by revealing its profound social potential.

Money --- Currency --- Monetary question --- Money, Primitive --- Specie --- Standard of value --- Social aspects. --- Political aspects. --- Exchange --- Finance --- Value --- Banks and banking --- Coinage --- Currency question --- Gold --- Silver --- Silver question --- Wealth --- Economics --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Sociological aspects --- E-books --- Economic sociology --- Socio-economics --- Socioeconomics --- Sociology of economics --- Sociology --- Money. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Sociology / General. --- Sociological aspects. --- Australia. --- Bitcoin. --- Bretton Woods. --- China. --- Geoffrey Ingham. --- Indian migrants. --- Russia. --- US Financial Diaries. --- Viviana Zelizer. --- alternative currency. --- asset valuation. --- business money. --- capitalism. --- capitalization. --- charitable giving. --- charity contributions. --- commercial exchanges. --- commercial surrogates. --- complementary currency. --- constitutional approach. --- corporations. --- credit cards. --- credit. --- currency. --- domestic economy. --- donations. --- double-entry bookkeeping. --- earmarking income. --- earmarks. --- economic sociology. --- economic theory. --- egg donor. --- emotion. --- emotional labor. --- emotions. --- finance. --- financial inequality. --- fungibility. --- fungible money. --- gender difference. --- generalized capitalization. --- immateriality. --- industrial money. --- internal design. --- international gold standard. --- international monetary system. --- investment. --- mental accounting. --- migrant remittances. --- mirage. --- modern currency. --- monetary analysis. --- monetary differentiation. --- monetary forms. --- monetary practices. --- monetary valuation. --- money flow. --- money. --- moral judgments. --- morals. --- nationalism. --- nonfungibility. --- organizational budgeting. --- paid donations. --- plastic money. --- public authority. --- purchasing power. --- relational accounting systems. --- sociability. --- social impact. --- social life. --- social meaning. --- social relationships. --- sperm donor. --- transnational money. --- win-lose exchanges. --- world monetary union.

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Contrary to conventional wisdom, the concept of power has not always been central to international relations theory. During the 1920s and 30s, power was often ignored or vilified by international relations scholars-especially in America. Power and International Relations explores how this changed in later decades by tracing how power emerged as an important social science concept in American scholarship after World War I. Combining intellectual history and conceptual analysis, David Baldwin examines power's increased presence in the study of international relations and looks at how the three dominant approaches of realism, neoliberalism, and constructivism treat power.The clarity and precision of thinking about power increased greatly during the last half of the twentieth century, due to efforts by political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, philosophers, mathematicians, and geographers who contributed to "social power literature." Baldwin brings the insights of this literature to bear on the three principal theoretical traditions in international relations theory. He discusses controversial issues in power analysis, and shows the relevance of older works frequently underappreciated today.Focusing on the social power perspective in international relations, this book sheds light on how power has been considered during the last half century and how it should be approached in future research.

Relations internationales. --- Pouvoir (sciences sociales). --- Power (Social sciences) --- International relations. --- Stati --- Empowerment (Social sciences) --- Political power --- Exchange theory (Sociology) --- Political science --- Social sciences --- Sociology --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Egemonia politica --- Teorie. --- International relations --- Pouvoir (science politique) --- Pouvoir politique --- Puissance --- Indices de pouvoir de vote --- Droit et politique --- Gouvernance --- Consensus --- Disgrâce --- Pouvoir économique --- Autonomisation --- Légitimité (science politique) --- Personnalisation du pouvoir --- Stratégie politique --- Impérialisme --- Pouvoir compensateur --- Classes dirigeantes --- Coalition (sciences sociales) --- Élite (sciences sociales) --- Obligation politique --- Politique et guerre --- Pouvoir communautaire --- Sciences --- Statut social --- Science politique --- Sciences sociales --- Sociologie --- Affaires étrangères --- Affaires internationales --- Conflits internationaux --- Contribution aux relations internationales --- Et la politique mondiale --- Et les relations extérieures --- Et les relations internationales --- Politique étrangère --- Politique extérieure --- Politique internationale --- Politique mondiale --- Rapports internationaux --- Relations diplomatiques --- Relations entre États --- (relations internationales) --- (politique) --- relations internationales --- sciences sociales --- Aspect politique --- Relations avec l'étranger --- Power (Social sciences). --- Communisme et relations internationales --- Désarmement --- Sciences et relations internationales --- Sécurité nationale --- Spécialistes des relations internationales --- Sports et relations internationales --- Technologie et relations internationales --- Épistémologie des relations internationales --- Espace politique --- Langues et relations internationales --- Médias et relations internationales --- Partis politiques et relations internationales --- Relations extérieures --- Relations internationales et culture --- Relations interrégionales --- Acteurs non étatiques (relations internationales) --- Administrations infranationales --- Détente (politique) --- Diplomatie --- Diplomatie pontificale --- Équilibre des puissances --- États associés --- États voyous --- Exceptionnalisme --- Frontières --- Géopolitique --- Gouvernements en exil --- Alliances --- Guerre --- Informations internationales --- Intérêt national --- Internationalisme --- Isolationnisme --- Maintien de la paix --- Militarisation --- Missions officielles --- Mondialisation --- Amitié entre les peuples --- Multilatéralisme (relations internationales) --- Nationalisme --- Neutralisme --- Neutralité --- Paix --- Plébiscite --- Processus de paix --- Propagande internationale --- Protection diplomatique --- Puissance (relations internationales) --- Bipolarité (relations internationales) --- Réalisme politique --- Règlement pacifique des conflits internationaux --- Relations culturelles --- Relations économiques internationales --- Remilitarisation --- Sécurisation (relations internationales) --- Sécurité internationale --- Tensions internationales --- Changements de gouvernement par une intervention étrangère --- Transferts internationaux d'institutions et de politiques publiques --- Transnationalisme --- Ultimatums --- Unilatéralisme (relations internationales) --- Unipolarité (relations internationales) --- Communauté internationale --- Communication dans les relations internationales --- Conditionnalité (relations internationales) --- Coopération internationale --- Arnold Wolfers. --- Ernst Haas. --- Frederick Sherwood Dunn. --- Hans J. Morgenthau. --- Harold Sprout. --- Joseph S. Nye Jr. --- Margaret Sprout. --- Power and Interdependence. --- Quincy Wright. --- Richard Snyder. --- Robert Dahl. --- Robert O. Keohane. --- constructivism. --- counterfactual conditions. --- culture. --- essential contestability. --- fungibility. --- international relations literature. --- international relations theory. --- international relations. --- materialism. --- military power. --- neoliberalism. --- neorealism. --- offensive realism. --- political science. --- power analysis. --- power. --- property concepts. --- realism. --- relational concepts. --- social power. --- soft power. --- zero-sum power.