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The Russian tariff structure contains over 11,000 tariff lines of which about 1,700 use the so-called "combined" tariff rate system. For the combined system tariff lines, the actual tariff applied by Russian customs is the maximum of the ad valorem or specific tariff. The lack of available data and the difficulty in calculating the ad valorem equivalence of the specific tariffs have resulted in some previous efforts that have simply ignored the specific tariffs. This is the first paper to accurately assess the tariff rates. The authors show that ignoring the specific tariffs results in an underestimate of the actual tariff rates by about 1 to 3 percentage points, depending on the year. The average tariff in Russia has increased between 2001 and 2003 from about 11.5 to between 13 and 14.5 percent, but it has held steady in 2004 and 2005. This places Russia's tariffs at a level slightly higher than other middle-income countries and considerably higher than the OECD countries. The trade weighted standard deviation of the tariff approximately doubled from 9.5 percent in 2001 to 18 percent in 2003, but then fell to 15.2 percent by 2005. The food sector and light industry are the aggregate sectors with the highest tariff rates-their tariff rates in 2005 were 23.1 percent and 19.5 percent on a trade-weighted basis, but the increase in their tariffs has not led to an increase in their output.

Customs union --- Debt Markets --- Export Competitiveness --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- Free trade zone --- Import volume --- International Economics & Trade --- International trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Political Economy --- Public Sector Development --- Tariff policy --- Tariff revenues --- Tariff structure --- Trade agreements --- Trade Policy --- Trade policy

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This book discusses the latest developments in the China Pilot Free- Trade Zone strategy. It puts forward and explains the idea that building the Shanghai Pilot Free-Trade Zone (SFTZ) is a national test, as it is a major strategic decision to help China cope with the new situation resulting from opening-up and the further implementation of the reform. Based on China’s strategic demand in the era of globalization, this book takes into account the global structure of trade, investment and changes in standards, and studies the system of SFTZ. Moreover, based on the national strategy of building international-caliber free-trade zone, it compares the SFTZ with other established free-trade zones and free-port cities. It reveals the overall SFTZ framework and explains in detail aspects of the financial system, investment management, trade supervision, taxation, offshore trade and finance, government system reform, plus the linkage mechanism of building Shanghai as an international economy, finance, trade and shipping center.

Public finance. --- Development economics. --- Economics. --- Development Economics. --- Public Economics. --- Free ports and zones --- Free trade --- China --- Zhongguo (Shanghai) Ziyou Maoyi Shiyanqu (Shanghai, China) --- Shanghai (China) --- Foreign economic relations. --- Commercial policy. --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- Foreign trade zones --- Free harbors --- Free trade zones --- Free zones --- Zones, Free trade --- Shanghai --- Changhaï (China) --- Shang-hai (China) --- Shang hai shi (China) --- Shanghai Shi (China) --- Shanghai Municipality (China) --- Shanghai Shi ren min zheng fu (China) --- Shankhaĭ (China) --- Xangai (China) --- 上海 (China) --- Ṣămhayi (China) --- China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone (Shanghai, China) --- Shanghai Free-Trade Zone (Shanghai, China) --- 上海市浦东新区法律服务业协会 (Shanghai, China) --- International trade --- Harbors --- Economics --- Economic development --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Currency question --- Public finances

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This collection that is based on the Special Issue contains 37 high-quality, rigorously peer-reviewed, cutting-edge pieces of original research applying a multi-disciplinary academic approach to study how to improve environment quality and healthy living in contemporary and future urban environments. This multidisciplinary collection helps to disseminate and communicate scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries of how to make healthy cities available to researchers, academics, and the general public globally.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- urban sprawl --- physical health --- mental health --- Smog Free Tower --- air purification --- housing price --- moderating effect --- traffic convenience --- urban resilience --- spatiotemporal differentiation --- ESDA --- geographical detector model --- YRB --- social capital --- social participation --- volunteering --- urban China --- urban governance --- Chinese national scenic areas --- tourism economy --- time-limited rectification --- pilot free trade zones --- green total factor productivity --- green development --- difference-in-differences --- quasi-natural experiment --- land use evolution --- land ecological security --- AHP-FCE model --- evaluation --- China --- business environment --- FDI --- BRI countries --- status elevation the global value chain --- pilot free trade zone --- port --- green TFP --- environmental constraints --- regional heterogeneity --- air pollution --- health shocks --- labor mobility --- mediating effect --- threshold effect --- production-living-ecology --- spatial transformation characteristics --- spatial conflicts --- urban agglomeration --- carbon emissions --- Tapio decoupling --- LMDI model --- provincial level --- low-carbon economy --- physical inactivity --- prolonged sitting --- unhealthy diet --- sports facilities --- street greenery --- spatial accessibility --- medical system --- multi-tiered two-step floating catchment area (MT2SFCA) method --- equity --- healthcare --- Hu Line of land --- “production-living-ecology” coordination --- spatial heterogeneity --- ESDA-GWR --- COVID-19 --- mask --- willingness to pay --- protection motivation theory --- contingent value method --- urban --- health impact assessment --- bibliometric analysis --- CiteSpace --- knowledge mapping --- disaster-preventive migration (DPM) --- social stability risk --- fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) --- ethnic minority area --- green finance --- ecological environment --- coupling coordination rate --- spatiotemporal evolution --- driving factor --- environmental equality --- guanxi network --- pig farming pollution --- cost and benefit sharing --- technological innovation --- coupling coordination --- green economy --- aging migration --- housing tenure --- social integration --- Beijing --- environmental pollution control investment efficiency --- three-stage DEA --- super-efficient SBM --- Global-Malmquist-Luenberger index --- regional differences --- digital financial inclusion --- green innovation --- financing constraints --- life cycle --- carbon emissions trading --- total factor productivity of agricultural enterprises --- double difference --- policy mix --- policy design --- pandemic management --- policy outcomes --- compound crisis --- urban sustainability --- healthy cities --- projects --- risks --- expert evaluation --- fuzzy sets --- European Green Deal --- Industry 5.0 --- decision-making --- transport --- medical infrastructure --- healing and therapeutic design --- blockchain --- building information modeling (BIM) --- landscape information modeling (LIM) --- city information modeling (CIM) --- art therapy --- sustainable development --- non-fungible token (NFT) --- Health Metaverse --- workplace --- avoidance behavior --- public health --- regression discontinuity design --- migration intention --- high human capital --- instrumental variable --- regional economic resilience --- influence mechanism --- Yellow River Basin --- quality of life --- healthy region --- healthy environment --- spatial --- synthetic measure --- voivodship --- national fitness policy --- national health --- human capital --- public finance health expenditures --- civil registration --- block chain --- digitization governance --- smart contract --- urban young returnees --- happiness --- healthy China --- HLM --- SEM --- rural-to-urban migrant --- performance analysis --- science mapping --- network analysis --- environmental policy uncertainty --- enterprise pollution emission --- enterprise innovation --- the foreign investment