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Free thought. --- Libre pensée --- Libre pensee --- Laicite --- Histoire. --- Free thought --- Laity --- History. --- Free thinking --- Humanisme [Vrijzinnig ] --- Libre examen --- Thought [Free ] --- Vrij onderzoek --- Vrijdenkerij --- Vrijzinnig humanisme --- Vrijzinnigheid --- Libre pensée --- Libre pensee - Histoire. --- Laicite - Histoire. --- Laïcité --- Pensée --- Histoire --- liberté de religion --- histoire --- la libre pensée --- la philosophie --- Descartes --- les Lumières --- la Révolution française --- la laïcité

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Religious studies --- Spinoza, Baruch --- Filosofie en godsdienst --- Free thinking --- Free thought --- Godsdienst en filosofie --- Humanisme [Vrijzinnig ] --- Jodendom en filosofie --- Judaism and philosophy --- Judaïsme et philosophie --- Liberalism --- Liberalisme --- Libre examen --- Libre pensée --- Libéralisme --- Philosophie et religion --- Philosophy and religion --- Religion and philosophy --- Religion et philosophie --- Thought [Free ] --- Vrij onderzoek --- Vrijdenkerij --- Vrijzinnig humanisme --- Vrijzinnigheid --- Jews --- Political science --- Juifs --- Science politique --- Identity --- History --- Philosophy --- Identité --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- Spinoza, Benedictus de, --- -Judaism and philosophy --- Christianity and philosophy --- Religion --- Liberal egalitarianism --- Liberty --- Social sciences --- Philosophy and Judaism --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- Freethought --- Thought, Free --- Agnosticism --- Atheism --- Rationalism --- Secular humanism --- Skepticism --- Spinoza, Benedictus de --- Judaïsme et philosophie --- Libéralisme --- Libre pensée --- Identité --- Spinoza, Benedictus de, - 1632-1677. - Tractatus theologico-politicus. --- Identity, Jewish --- Jewish identity --- Jewishness --- Ethnic identity --- Race identity --- Jewish law --- Jewish nationalism --- Legal status, laws, etc.

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This book endeavors to identify and define the phenomenon of freethinking in medieval Islam, in particular as exemplified in the figures of the two most notorious intellectual heretics, Ibn al-Rāwandī (9th C.) and Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (10th C.). The development of Islamic freethinking is analyzed on the background of the paramount importance of prophetology in Islam. The book examines the image of the freethinkers in Islam and its connection to the legacy of late antiquity, and to the traditions about Indian and Sabian religions. The last chapters examine repercussions of his phenomenon in various aspects of Muslim, Jewish and Christian medieval thought. It is argued that, despite its rare occurrence, freethinking was in fact a pivotal Islamic phenomenon, which had a major impact on the development of Islamic thought.

Razi, al-, Muhammad ibn Zakariya --- Rawandi, al-, Ibn --- Filosofie [Islamitische ] --- Filosofie [Middeleeuwse ] --- Filosofie [Mohammedaanse ] --- Free thinking --- Free thought --- Humanisme [Vrijzinnig ] --- Islamic philosophy --- Islamitische filosofie --- Libre examen --- Libre pensée --- Medieval philosophy --- Middeleeuwse filosofie --- Mohammedaanse filosofie --- Muslim philosophy --- Philosophie islamique --- Philosophie musulmane --- Philosophie médiévale --- Philosophy [Islamic ] --- Philosophy [Medieval ] --- Philosophy [Muslim ] --- Thought [Free ] --- Vrij onderzoek --- Vrijdenkerij --- Vrijzinnig humanisme --- Vrijzinnigheid --- Philosophy, Medieval. --- History --- Histoire --- Razi, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya, --- Rawandi, Ahmad ibn Yahyã, --- Philosophy, Islamic. --- Free thought. --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, --- Rāwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, --- Islamic philosophy. --- Philosophie médiévale --- Libre pensée --- Råazåi, Abåu Bakr Muòhammad ibn Zakaråiyåa, - 865?-925? --- Råawandåi, Aòhmad ibn Yaòhyá, - 9th cent. --- Islam --- History. --- Islamic countries --- Scholasticism --- Arabic philosophy --- Philosophy, Islamic --- Philosophy, Arab --- Aḥmad al-Rāwandī, --- Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá al-Rāwandī, --- Ibn al-Rāwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, --- Ibn al-Rīwandī, --- Rāwandī, Aḥmad, --- Rēwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, --- راوندي، أحمد بن يحي، --- راوندي، أحمد بن يحيى، --- راوندي، احمد بن يحيي --- راوندي، احمد بن يحيى، --- ريوندي ، أحمد بن يحيى --- Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, Abū Bakr, --- Abū Bakr al-Rāzī, --- Rhazes, --- Rasis, --- Rhases, --- Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ, --- Abu Bakr Mukhammed ibn Zakariĭĭa ar-Razi, --- Abubetrus Rhaza Maomethus, --- Razi, Aboubakr Mohammad ibn Zakarria, --- Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā al-Rāzī, --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr, --- Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyāʼ al-Rāzī, --- Razi, Abu Bakr Mukhammed ibn Zakariĭĭa, --- Aboubakr Mohammad ibn Zakarria Razi, --- Abu Bakr Roziĭ, --- Roziĭ, Abu Bakr, --- Abu Bakr Ar-Razi, --- Ṣayrafī, Muḥammad ibn Zakariyā, --- Ḥakīm Rāzī, --- Rhasis, Mohammed, --- Rhazes, Mohammad Zachary, --- الرازي، أبو بكر محمد بن زكريا, --- رازى، ابو بكر محمد ابن زكرياى, --- رازى، ابو بكر محمد بن زكريا, --- رازي، أبو بکر محمد بن زکريا, --- رازي، ابو بكر محمد ابن زكريا, --- Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakarīyā, - 865?-925? --- Rāwandī, Aḥmad ibn Yaḥyá, - 9th cent. --- Pseudo-Rhazes,