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This volume explores the question of why languages - even those spoken in the same geographical area by people who share similar social structures, occupations, and religious beliefs - differ in the meanings expressed by their grammatical systems. Zygmunt Frajzyngier and Marielle Butters outline a new methodology to explore these differences, and to discover the motivations behind the emergence of meanings. The motivations that they identify include: thecommunicative need triggered when the grammatical system inherently produces ambiguities; the principle of functional transparency; the opportunistic emergence of meaning, whereby unoccupied formal niches acquire a new function; metonymic emergence, whereby a property of an existing function receives a formalmeans of its own, thus creating a new function; and the emergence of functions through language contact. The book offers new analyses of a range of phenomena across different languages, such as benefactives and progressives in English, and point of view of the subject and goal orientation in Chadic languages. It also draws on a wealth of data from other languages including French, Spanish, Polish, Russian, and a variety of less familiar Sino-Russian idiolects.

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Closed-class words (Grammar) --- Empty words (Grammar) --- Form words (Grammar) --- Function words (Grammar) --- Functors (Grammar) --- Grammatical words (Grammar) --- Structural words (Grammar) --- Function words. --- Closed-class words --- Empty words --- Form words --- Functors --- Grammatical words --- Structural words --- Function words --- E-books --- Grammar --- Comparative linguistics --- Linguistics --- Philology

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The distinction between functional categories and lexical categories is at the heart of present-day grammatical theory, in theories on language acquisition, code-switching and aphasia. At the same time, it has become clear, however, that there are many lexical items for which it is less easy to decide whether they side with the lexical categories or the functional ones. This book deals with the grammatical behavior of such in- between-categories, which are referred to here as "semi-lexical categories".

Grammar, Comparative and general --- Semantics. --- Function words. --- Syntax. --- Lexicology. Semantics --- Grammar --- -Grammar, Comparative and general --- -Semantics --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Language and languages --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Function words --- Syntax --- Grammar, Comparative --- Closed-class words (Grammar) --- Empty words (Grammar) --- Form words (Grammar) --- Function words (Grammar) --- Functors (Grammar) --- Grammatical words (Grammar) --- Structural words (Grammar) --- Closed-class words --- Empty words --- Form words --- Functors --- Grammatical words --- Structural words --- Semantics --- Grammar, Comparative and general Syntax

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Lexicology. Semantics --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Semantics --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Mots fonctionnels --- Particules (Linguistique) --- Sémantique --- Typologie (Linguistique) --- Function words --- Particles --- Semantics. --- Particles. --- Function words. --- 801.56 --- -Grammar, Comparative and general --- -Semantics --- Language and languages --- Linguistic typology --- Linguistics --- Linguistic universals --- Formal semantics --- Semasiology --- Semiology (Semantics) --- Comparative linguistics --- Information theory --- Lexicology --- Meaning (Psychology) --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Philology --- Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Typology --- Classification --- Grammar, Comparative --- Vergelijkende en algemene grammatica --- partikels --- 801.56 Syntaxis. Semantiek --- Typology (Linguistics). --- partikels. --- Partikels. --- Sémantique --- Particles (Grammar) --- Closed-class words (Grammar) --- Empty words (Grammar) --- Form words (Grammar) --- Function words (Grammar) --- Functors (Grammar) --- Grammatical words (Grammar) --- Structural words (Grammar) --- Closed-class words --- Empty words --- Form words --- Functors --- Grammatical words --- Structural words --- Grammar, Comparative and general Particles --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Particles. --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Function words. --- Grammaire comparée et générale --- Typologie (linguistique) --- Particules