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It is increasingly being recognized that land use and land cover changes driven by anthropogenic pressures are impacting terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and their services, human society, and human livelihoods and well-being. This Special Issue contains 12 original papers covering various issues related to land use and land use changes in various parts of the world (see references), with the purpose of providing a forum to exchange ideas and progress in related areas. Research topics include land use targets, dynamic modelling and mapping using satellite images, pressures from energy production, deforestation, impacts on ecosystem services, aboveground biomass evaluation, and investigations on libraries of legends and classification systems.

Environmental monitoring --- savannah --- multifunctionality --- protected areas --- conservation --- airborne laser scanning --- aboveground woody biomass --- CORINE land cover --- mapping of changes --- GIS tools --- land cover flows --- Low Tatras National Park --- land use and land cover --- ecosystem service value --- Google Earth Engine (GEE) --- forest fragmentation --- transboundary landscape --- Himalaya --- land-cover change --- MSPA --- cluster analysis --- land use management --- synthesis of land use/land cover definitions --- meta-analysis studies in land use/land cover --- challenges and knowledge gaps in land use/land cover assessments --- literature review --- land use change --- modeling --- scenario --- deforestation --- DINAMICA EGO --- PFBC landscapes --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- tree diversity --- ecosystem resilience --- native tree --- urban environment --- urbanization --- land cover --- land use --- change mapping --- land use pressures --- energy production --- forestry --- caatinga domain --- digital classification --- remote sensing --- land consumption --- land re-naturalization --- developed land recycling --- urban land use efficiency --- interoperability --- standards --- geospatial --- semantic ontology --- harmonization --- classification --- urban growth --- land cover change --- driving forces --- n/a

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The school of thought surrounding the urban ecosystem has increasingly become in vogue among researchers worldwide. Since half of the world’s population lives in cities, urban ecosystem services have become essential to human health and wellbeing. Rapid urban growth has forced sustainable urban developers to rethink important steps by updating and, to some degree, recreating the human–ecosystem service linkage. Assessing, as well as estimating the losses of ecosystem services can denote the essential effects of urbanization and increasingly indicate where cities fall short. This book contains 13 thoroughly refereed contributions published within the Special Issue “Urban Ecosystem Services”. The book addresses topics such as nature-based solutions, green space planning, green infrastructure, rain gardens, climate change, and more. The contributions highlight new findings for landscape architects, urban planners, and policymakers. Important future cities research is considered by looking at the system connectivity between the social and ecological sphere—via varying forms of urban planning, management, and governance. The book is supported by methods and models that utilize an urban sustainability and ecosystem service-centric focus by adding knowledge-base and real-world solutions into the urbanization phenomenon.

urban planning --- urban space --- urban regeneration --- planning process --- public participation --- forest fragmentation --- sustainable development goal (SDG) --- land consumption rate to the population growth rate (LCRPGR) --- biodiversity --- non-native species --- protected species --- range expansion --- species distributions --- ecosystem services --- assessment --- urban ecosystem services --- site --- green infrastructure --- cities --- systematic literature review --- urban greenspace --- privatization --- property rights --- incremental greenspace loss --- the tyranny of small decisions --- resilience planning --- urban densification --- baseline shifts --- urban nature connection --- green spaces --- ecosystem disservices --- economic benefits --- proximity principle --- hedonic pricing analysis --- climate change --- human health, human-nature connection theory --- urbanization --- urban resilience theory --- capacity building --- municipal planning practice --- urban governance --- environmental planning --- nature-based solutions --- urban adaptive capacity --- LiDAR/NDVI --- stakeholders --- Delphi analysis --- full-scale infiltration test --- MPD infiltration test --- boreholes --- SuDS --- NBS --- flood resilience --- online climate adaptation platforms --- citizen science --- community-building --- n/a

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Forest ecosystems are important habitats for a vast number of species worldwide. These ecosystems are degrading faster than they are regenerating, due to the increased demand for natural resources. In order to protect these ecosystems, the designation of Protected Areas (PAs) has become the primary policy tool for forest conservation. The articles included in this book explore challenges and opportunities within forest PAs, focusing on four main themes. The first theme refers to current initiatives in forest management across the world, reflecting the efforts of several organizations in halting deforestation. Major challenges are also identified, reflecting the declining rates of forest coverage across the world. A second theme refers to policy planning processes withing existing governance frameworks focusing, in particular, on the level of engagement of local stakeholders. A third theme of the book refers to social equity and how the impacts of forest PAs are distributed among different users. A final theme in the SI refers to potential solutions in order to halt the loss of biodiversity within forest ecosystems. Several directions are proposed by the authors that can be useful for policy makers and practitioners, especially in the context of the 30 by 30 targets.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography --- biodiversity --- ecosystem services --- West Africa --- incentives --- Sustainable Development Goals --- participation --- co-management --- forest users --- benefits --- ACA --- Nepal --- urban forest --- institutional design --- land use planning --- Serbia --- governance --- forests --- environment --- Malawi --- Photovoice --- conservation --- policy --- community-based forest management --- participatory forest management --- biodiversity conservation --- nature conservation policy --- operational environment --- legal --- economic and social factors --- evaluation framework --- protected areas --- Natura 2000 network --- conservation estate --- conservation planning --- bottomland hardwood forest --- deforestation --- isolation --- buffer areas --- Tanzania --- social network analysis (SNA) --- cooperation and conflict networks --- stakeholders' involvement --- participatory process --- Natura 2000 management Programme --- anthropology --- land use and access --- flexibility --- Bakweri --- Mount Cameroon National Park --- reserve network --- large trees --- snags --- coarse woody debris --- regression model --- habitat conditions --- strict protection --- managed forests --- tree cover loss --- global forest --- State Forests --- nature protection --- financing --- decision making --- responsibility --- implementation of protective measures --- Poland --- silviculture --- timber distribution --- benefit-sharing --- elite --- community forestry --- abiotic dispersal --- animal dispersal --- distance-decay --- forest fragmentation --- sacred forest --- sacred grove --- South Gondar Administrative Zone --- conflict --- national parks --- management --- pandemic --- public health --- wellbeing --- biodiversity --- ecosystem services --- West Africa --- incentives --- Sustainable Development Goals --- participation --- co-management --- forest users --- benefits --- ACA --- Nepal --- urban forest --- institutional design --- land use planning --- Serbia --- governance --- forests --- environment --- Malawi --- Photovoice --- conservation --- policy --- community-based forest management --- participatory forest management --- biodiversity conservation --- nature conservation policy --- operational environment --- legal --- economic and social factors --- evaluation framework --- protected areas --- Natura 2000 network --- conservation estate --- conservation planning --- bottomland hardwood forest --- deforestation --- isolation --- buffer areas --- Tanzania --- social network analysis (SNA) --- cooperation and conflict networks --- stakeholders' involvement --- participatory process --- Natura 2000 management Programme --- anthropology --- land use and access --- flexibility --- Bakweri --- Mount Cameroon National Park --- reserve network --- large trees --- snags --- coarse woody debris --- regression model --- habitat conditions --- strict protection --- managed forests --- tree cover loss --- global forest --- State Forests --- nature protection --- financing --- decision making --- responsibility --- implementation of protective measures --- Poland --- silviculture --- timber distribution --- benefit-sharing --- elite --- community forestry --- abiotic dispersal --- animal dispersal --- distance-decay --- forest fragmentation --- sacred forest --- sacred grove --- South Gondar Administrative Zone --- conflict --- national parks --- management --- pandemic --- public health --- wellbeing

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• Reference Manager
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Forest ecosystems are important habitats for a vast number of species worldwide. These ecosystems are degrading faster than they are regenerating, due to the increased demand for natural resources. In order to protect these ecosystems, the designation of Protected Areas (PAs) has become the primary policy tool for forest conservation. The articles included in this book explore challenges and opportunities within forest PAs, focusing on four main themes. The first theme refers to current initiatives in forest management across the world, reflecting the efforts of several organizations in halting deforestation. Major challenges are also identified, reflecting the declining rates of forest coverage across the world. A second theme refers to policy planning processes withing existing governance frameworks focusing, in particular, on the level of engagement of local stakeholders. A third theme of the book refers to social equity and how the impacts of forest PAs are distributed among different users. A final theme in the SI refers to potential solutions in order to halt the loss of biodiversity within forest ecosystems. Several directions are proposed by the authors that can be useful for policy makers and practitioners, especially in the context of the 30 by 30 targets.

biodiversity --- ecosystem services --- West Africa --- incentives --- Sustainable Development Goals --- participation --- co-management --- forest users --- benefits --- ACA --- Nepal --- urban forest --- institutional design --- land use planning --- Serbia --- governance --- forests --- environment --- Malawi --- Photovoice --- conservation --- policy --- community-based forest management --- participatory forest management --- biodiversity conservation --- nature conservation policy --- operational environment --- legal --- economic and social factors --- evaluation framework --- protected areas --- Natura 2000 network --- conservation estate --- conservation planning --- bottomland hardwood forest --- deforestation --- isolation --- buffer areas --- Tanzania --- social network analysis (SNA) --- cooperation and conflict networks --- stakeholders’ involvement --- participatory process --- Natura 2000 management Programme --- anthropology --- land use and access --- flexibility --- Bakweri --- Mount Cameroon National Park --- reserve network --- large trees --- snags --- coarse woody debris --- regression model --- habitat conditions --- strict protection --- managed forests --- tree cover loss --- global forest --- State Forests --- nature protection --- financing --- decision making --- responsibility --- implementation of protective measures --- Poland --- silviculture --- timber distribution --- benefit-sharing --- elite --- community forestry --- abiotic dispersal --- animal dispersal --- distance–decay --- forest fragmentation --- sacred forest --- sacred grove --- South Gondar Administrative Zone --- conflict --- national parks --- management --- pandemic --- public health --- wellbeing --- n/a --- stakeholders' involvement --- distance-decay