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This book covers the flux pinning mechanisms and properties and the electromagnetic phenomena caused by the flux pinning common for metallic, high-Tc and MgB2 superconductors. The condensation energy interaction known for normal precipitates or grain boundaries and the kinetic energy interaction proposed for artificial Nb pins in Nb-Ti, etc., are introduced for the pinning mechanism. Summation theories to derive the critical current density are discussed in detail. Irreversible magnetization and AC loss caused by the flux pinning are also discussed. The loss originally stems from the ohmic dissipation of normal electrons in the normal core driven by the electric field induced by the flux motion. The influence of the flux pinning on the vortex phase diagram in high Tc superconductors is discussed, and the dependencies of the irreversibility field are also described on other quantities such as anisotropy of superconductor, specimen size and electric field strength. Recent developments of critical current properties in various high-Tc superconductors and MgB2 are introduced. The 3rd edition has been thoroughly updated, with a new chapter on critical state model. The mechanism of irreversible properties is discussed in detail. The author provides calculations of pinning loss by the equation of motion of flux lines in the pinning potential and hysteresis loss. The readers will learn why the resultant loss is of hysteresis type in spite of such mechanism. This book aims for graduate students and researchers studying superconductivity as well as engineers working in electric utility industry.

Thermodynamics --- Thermal properties of solids --- Solid state physics --- Physics --- supergeleiding --- koude --- fysica --- Flux pinning.

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The book covers the flux pinning mechanisms and properties and the electromagnetic phenomena caused by the flux pinning common for metallic, high-Tc and MgB2 superconductors. The condensation energy interaction known for normal precipitates or grain boundaries and the kinetic energy interaction proposed for artificial Nb pins in Nb-Ti, etc., are introduced for the pinning mechanism. Summation theories to derive the critical current density are discussed in detail. Irreversible magnetization and AC loss caused by the flux pinning are also discussed. The loss originally stems from the ohmic dissipation of normal electrons in the normal core driven by the electric field induced by the flux motion. The readers will learn why the resultant loss is of hysteresis type in spite of such mechanism. The influence of the flux pinning on the vortex phase diagram in high Tc superconductors is discussed, and the dependencies of the irreversibility field are also described on other quantities such as anisotropy of superconductor, specimen size and electric field strength. Recent developments of critical current properties in various high-Tc superconductors and MgB2 are introduced. Other topics are: singularity in the case of transport current in a parallel magnetic field such as deviation from the Josephson relation, reversible flux motion inside pinning potentials which causes deviation from the critical state model prediction, the concept of the minimization of energy dissipation in the flux pinning phenomena which gives the basis for the critical state model, etc. Significant reduction in the AC loss in AC wires with very fine filaments originates from the reversible flux motion which is dominant in the two-dimensional pinning. The concept of minimum energy dissipation explains also the behavior of flux bundle size which determines the irreversibility line under the flux creep.

Flux pinning. --- Superconductors. --- Superconducting materials --- Superconductive devices --- Cryoelectronics --- Electronics --- Solid state electronics --- Pinning, Flux --- Dislocations in crystals --- Point defects --- Superconductors --- Materials --- Magnetic properties --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Strongly Correlated Systems, Superconductivity. --- Condensed matter. --- Superconductivity. --- Electric conductivity --- Critical currents --- Superfluidity --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids

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Plastic (and microplastic) pollution has been described as one of the greatest environmental challenges of our time, and a hallmark of the human-driven epoch known as the Anthropocene. It has gained the attention of the general public, governments, and environmental scientists worldwide. To date, the main focus has been on plastics in the marine environment, but interest in the presence and effects of plastics in freshwaters has increased in the recent years. The occurrence of plastics within inland lakes and rivers, as well as their biota, has been demonstrated. Experiments with freshwater organisms have started to explore the direct and indirect effects resulting from plastic exposure. There is a clear need for further research, and a dedicated space for its dissemination. This book is devoted to highlighting current research from around the world on the prevalence, fate, and effects of plastic in freshwater environments.

hybrid high voltage direct current transmission system --- resistive-type superconducting fault current limiter --- scheme design --- short-circuit fault --- Yttrium barium copper oxide materials --- transient simulation --- high pressure --- diamond anvil cell --- Raman spectroscopy --- electrical conductivity --- phase transition --- pressure-induced metallization --- iron-based superconductors --- critical currents --- flux pinning --- microstructure --- superconducting tape --- quench --- R-SFCL --- AC and DC overcurrent --- experiment --- finite element method (FEM) --- numerical modeling --- superconducting coil --- alternating current (AC) losses --- superconducting material law --- inductive fault current limiter --- magnetic flux shielding --- multiphysics simulation --- transient state --- field-circuit coupling method --- high-temperature superconducting bulk --- modeling --- magnetic levitation --- electromagnetic-thermo-force coupling --- high speed --- HTS --- bulk superconductors --- coated conductors --- mathematical modelling --- H-formulation

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This book consists of original and review papers which describe basic and applied studies for the modifications of metallic and inorganic materials by using energetic ion/electron beams. When materials are irradiated with energetic charged particles (ions /electrons), their energies are transferred to electrons and atoms in materials, and the lattice structures of the materials are largely changed to metastable or non-thermal-equilibrium states, modifying several physical properties. Such phenomena will engage the interest of researchers as a basic science, and can also be used as promising tools for adding new functionalities to existing materials and for the development of novel materials. The papers in this book cover the ion/electron-beam-induced modifications of several properties (optical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical properties) and lattice structures. This book will, therefore, be useful for many scientists and engineers who have been involved in fundamental material science and the industrial applications of metallic and inorganic materials.

Research & information: general --- swift heavy ion --- YAG (Y3Al5O12) --- refractive index profiling --- synergy effect --- optical waveguide --- hillocks --- ion tracks --- ion irradiation --- TEM --- vanadium alloy --- irradiation hardening --- radiation damage --- electron irradiation --- metal surface --- sputtering --- groove --- hole --- self-organization --- pattern --- laser photocathode --- pulsed electron sources --- pulsed transmission electron microscope --- ion beam --- copper oxide --- chromatic change --- photoemission spectrum --- beam viewer --- light water reactor --- zirconium alloys --- nuclear fuel cladding --- thermal desorption spectroscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- high energy irradiation --- ion track overlapping --- oxides --- Monte Carlo simulation for two-dimensional images --- lattice structures and magnetic states --- binomial and Poisson distribution functions --- ion accelerators at WERC --- irradiation effects on space electronics --- single event --- total ionization dose --- displacement damage --- solar cell --- space application --- irradiation test --- beam condition --- degradation --- standardization --- ISO --- high-Tc superconductors --- critical current density --- flux pinning --- heavy-ion irradiation --- columnar defects --- anisotropy --- superconductor --- irradiation --- critical current --- cerium oxide --- CeO2 --- swift heavy ions --- phase transition --- partially stabilized zirconia --- XRD --- radiation simulation --- ion-track etching --- electrodeposition --- micro/nano-sized metal cones --- template synthesis --- electrocatalyst --- excited reaction field --- transmission electron microscope --- nanomaterials --- manipulation --- nanostructure --- Al --- Al2O3 --- accelerator-driven system (ADS) --- liquid metal corrosion (LMC) --- lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) --- self-ion irradiation --- oxygen concentration in LBE --- irradiation effect on corrosion behavior --- electronic excitation --- lattice disordering --- electron–lattice coupling --- nanopore structure --- ceria --- molecular dynamics --- simulation --- structural analysis --- defects --- n/a --- lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) --- electron-lattice coupling

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• Reference Manager
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This book consists of original and review papers which describe basic and applied studies for the modifications of metallic and inorganic materials by using energetic ion/electron beams. When materials are irradiated with energetic charged particles (ions /electrons), their energies are transferred to electrons and atoms in materials, and the lattice structures of the materials are largely changed to metastable or non-thermal-equilibrium states, modifying several physical properties. Such phenomena will engage the interest of researchers as a basic science, and can also be used as promising tools for adding new functionalities to existing materials and for the development of novel materials. The papers in this book cover the ion/electron-beam-induced modifications of several properties (optical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical properties) and lattice structures. This book will, therefore, be useful for many scientists and engineers who have been involved in fundamental material science and the industrial applications of metallic and inorganic materials.

Research & information: general --- swift heavy ion --- YAG (Y3Al5O12) --- refractive index profiling --- synergy effect --- optical waveguide --- hillocks --- ion tracks --- ion irradiation --- TEM --- vanadium alloy --- irradiation hardening --- radiation damage --- electron irradiation --- metal surface --- sputtering --- groove --- hole --- self-organization --- pattern --- laser photocathode --- pulsed electron sources --- pulsed transmission electron microscope --- ion beam --- copper oxide --- chromatic change --- photoemission spectrum --- beam viewer --- light water reactor --- zirconium alloys --- nuclear fuel cladding --- thermal desorption spectroscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- high energy irradiation --- ion track overlapping --- oxides --- Monte Carlo simulation for two-dimensional images --- lattice structures and magnetic states --- binomial and Poisson distribution functions --- ion accelerators at WERC --- irradiation effects on space electronics --- single event --- total ionization dose --- displacement damage --- solar cell --- space application --- irradiation test --- beam condition --- degradation --- standardization --- ISO --- high-Tc superconductors --- critical current density --- flux pinning --- heavy-ion irradiation --- columnar defects --- anisotropy --- superconductor --- irradiation --- critical current --- cerium oxide --- CeO2 --- swift heavy ions --- phase transition --- partially stabilized zirconia --- XRD --- radiation simulation --- ion-track etching --- electrodeposition --- micro/nano-sized metal cones --- template synthesis --- electrocatalyst --- excited reaction field --- transmission electron microscope --- nanomaterials --- manipulation --- nanostructure --- Al --- Al2O3 --- accelerator-driven system (ADS) --- liquid metal corrosion (LMC) --- lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) --- self-ion irradiation --- oxygen concentration in LBE --- irradiation effect on corrosion behavior --- electronic excitation --- lattice disordering --- electron-lattice coupling --- nanopore structure --- ceria --- molecular dynamics --- simulation --- structural analysis --- defects