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Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy support enabled firms to survive and transform. Relatively easy access to funding also helped them weather the crisis. Pandemic support has since been pulled back, however, and now firms are grappling with high inflation, instability and tighter credit conditions. These combined pressures are souring firms' outlook. The report provides insight into the state of the European economy and its ability to withstand these crises while also becoming greener and more digital. The analysis is based on the EIB Group's annual Investment Survey, which surveyed 13 000 firms in the European Union from April until July 2022 on their performance, investment, financing issues and challenges. These key findings, provide a short accessible summary of the main report's messages.

Financial risk.

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Financial risk.

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• EndNote
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Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure provision have expanded around the world since the early 1990s. Well-structured PPPs can unleash efficiency gains, but PPPs create liabilities for governments, including contingent ones. This paper assesses the fiscal risks from contingent liabilities from early termination of PPPs in a sample of developing countries. It analyzes the drivers of early termination and identifies systematic contractual, institutional, and macroeconomic factors that can help predict the probability that a PPP project will be terminated early, using a flexible parametric hazard regression. Using the probability distributions from the regression analysis, it simulates scenarios of fiscal risks for governments from early termination of PPPs in the electricity and transport sectors, adopting a value-at-risk approach. The findings indicate that the rate of early terminations decreases with direct government support, greater constraints on executive power, and the award of the PPP by subnational governments; it increases with project size and macro-financial shocks. The simulations show that fiscal risks from infrastructure PPP portfolios are not negligible in some countries, reaching as high as 2.8 percent of GDP. A severe macro-financial shock substantially increases the estimates, with the value at risk the year after the shock 11-20 times larger.

Financial risk.

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Political strife caused by the war in Ukraine, an energy crisis and tightening credit are hitting EU firms just as they were beginning to emerge from the COVID-19 crisis. While the pandemic was a major shock, sizable policy support enabled firms to survive and transform. Relatively easy access to funding also helped them weather the crisis. Pandemic support has since been pulled back, however, and now firms are grappling with high inflation, instability and tighter credit conditions. These combined pressures are souring firms' outlook. The report provides insight into the state of the European economy and its ability to withstand these crises while also becoming greener and more digital. The analysis is based on the EIB Group's annual Investment Survey, which surveyed 13 000 firms in the European Union from April until July 2022 on their performance, investment, financing issues and challenges. These key findings, provide a short accessible summary of the main report's messages.

Financial risk.

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Les banques ont connu des mutations profondes au cours des trois dernières décennies. La dérégulation ayant accompagné la mondialisation des échanges a profondément modifié l'industrie bancaire en même temps que naissaient des risques nouveaux. Intimement liées aux marchés financiers dont elles se différencient pourtant quant aux fonctions qu'elles remplissent, les banques constituent un des deux pôles d'un système financier complexe, instable, mais contributif à la croissance et au développement. Cet ouvrage présente les éléments fondamentaux de compréhension des banques. Il met en évidence leurs spécificités et les risques qui leur sont génétiquement associés. En particulier, les risques de liquidité, de marché, et de crédit sont définis, mesurés, et les modalités de leur gestion sont précisées. Les vagues de fusions et acquisitions issues de la dérégulation, de même que l'extrême imbrication des systèmes bancaires ont eu pour conséquence l'émergence de banques « too big to fail » et d'un risque systémique. Les autorités internationales et nationales tentent aujourd'hui de contenir ce risque par une réglementation complexe dont la gouvernance et les objectifs sont présentés dans cet ouvrage. Cette nouvelle régulation de l'industrie bancaire doit être inspirée de considérations éthiques qui ne sont pas absentes de l'ouvrage. Cet ouvrage emprunte aux sciences économiques et de gestion. Les exposés, s'ils sont le fruit d'une profonde imprégnation des théories bancaires les plus actuelles, privilégient toujours l'intuition économique et sont illustrés d'exemples chiffrés.

Financial risk management. --- Bank management. --- Financial risk.