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"Examines the early history of the Japanese life insurance industry, from 1881 to 1945. The book focuses on how industry and government figures used concepts of mutuality in insurance marketing, health promotion campaigns, colonial governance, labor policy, and wartime mobilization"--

Life insurance --- History --- Mutualism --- Japan --- masculinity, WWII, colonial Korea, responsibility in Japan, actuarial science, expropriating financial resources, capitalism.

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Under financial constraints, exporting may have less to do with productivity and more to do with financial resources. The established relationship between exporting and productivity would differ when examined through the lens of the working capital needs of the firm. The hypothesis that working capital matters in the firm's exporting decision is explored in two ways: first, by articulating a dynamic working capital model of the firm that incorporates the firm's export decision. Secondly, by testing the hypothesis empirically using a unique firm level dataset from Bangladesh, where issues of financial constraints are particularly acute. The model shows that productivity determines export status of the firm as long as it is not under financial constraints. However, under financial constraints, export status is less dependent on productivity and more dependent on the availability of working capital. Empirical results support the model's prediction. The relationship between exporting time and the need for greater liquidity is also borne out empirically as shown by a positive and significant correlation between the amount of working capital and the distance of export destination. An important policy implication from the analysis is that short term liquidity is critical in allowing productive firms to export and that access to finance may prevent the benefits of trade liberalization within a country to be fully realized.

Access to Finance --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Export Decision --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Constraints --- Financial Resources --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Short Term Liquidity --- Social Protections and Labor --- Working Capital Model

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This paper uses a rural household survey dataset collected in 2006 and 2008 to investigate the impact of a market-based land resettlement project in southern Malawi. The program provided a conditional cash and land transfer to poor families to relocate to larger plots of farm land. The average treatment effect of the program is estimated using a difference-in-difference matching technique based on propensity score matching; qualitative information complement the analysis to ensure unobservable characteristics do not bias the findings. As expected, the results show a significant effect on landholdings and agricultural production, with land size increasing and maize production increasing by more than 100 kilograms relative to the control. However, the impacts on food security and asset holdings were mixed. Households that relocated great distances had systematically lower impacts than those households that stayed within their district of origin because they had to adapt to unfamiliar agro-ecological, cultural, and market environments. Impacts also varied across gender of the household head; female-headed beneficiary households increased their productive and consumption assets significantly, while male-headed households increased their asset holdings less so.

Agricultural production --- Arable land --- Capital formation --- Comparative analysis --- Cultivable land --- Debt Markets --- Economic growth --- Economic Theory and Research --- ECONOMIC WELFARE --- Economics --- Effective use --- Environmental --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Environments --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial resources --- Labor inputs --- Land productivity --- Market prices --- Policy makers --- Poverty Reduction --- Property Rights --- Resource management --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Weather patterns

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Despite the many calls to reform the CDM, its conceptual underpinnings are strong and it will most likely survive in the post-2012 climate regime. Some modifications may be considered in the short term to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of the mechanism without modifying the Marrakesh Accords. In the medium term substantially increased mitigation efforts in developing countries may require a combination of three possible financial mechanisms: the current activity-based CDM albeit improved, a second market mechanism that would seek to improve the long term emission trends of developing countries by promoting broad based emission reduction programs primarily in the private sector, and a third financial mechanism outside of the market which would be an incentive for the adoption of policy changes leading to a low carbon path, but where emission reductions would not be used as international offsets.

Carbon --- Carbon dioxide --- Carbon Policy and Trading --- Clean development mechanism --- Climate change --- Coal --- Compliance costs --- Consumption patterns --- Debt Markets --- Developed countries --- Economics --- Emission reduction --- Emission reduction commitments --- Emission reductions --- Emissions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy efficiency --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environmental --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Environmental integrity --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial resources --- Market mechanism --- Mines --- Montreal Protocol --- Oil --- Public Sector Development --- Transport --- Transport and Environment --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning

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This book collects fifteen papers published in s Special Issue of Mathematics titled “Fuzzy Sets in Business Management, Finance, and Economics”, which was published in 2021. These paper cover a wide range of different tools from Fuzzy Set Theory and applications in many areas of Business Management and other connected fields. Specifically, this book contains applications of such instruments as, among others, Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis, Neuro-Fuzzy Methods, the Forgotten Effects Algorithm, Expertons Theory, Fuzzy Markov Chains, Fuzzy Arithmetic, Decision Making with OWA Operators and Pythagorean Aggregation Operators, Fuzzy Pattern Recognition, and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets. The papers in this book tackle a wide variety of problems in areas such as strategic management, sustainable decisions by firms and public organisms, tourism management, accounting and auditing, macroeconomic modelling, the evaluation of public organizations and universities, and actuarial modelling. We hope that this book will be useful not only for business managers, public decision-makers, and researchers in the specific fields of business management, finance, and economics but also in the broader areas of soft mathematics in social sciences. Practitioners will find methods and ideas that could be fruitful in current management issues. Scholars will find novel developments that may inspire further applications in the social sciences.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- Bonferroni means --- prioritized aggregation operators --- induced aggregation operators --- OWA operator --- transparency --- fuzzy sets --- fuzzy numbers --- linguistic variables --- fuzzy data analysis --- correlation between fuzzy variables --- poverty policy --- efficiency --- Debreu–Farrell productivity index --- cryptocurrencies --- bitcoin --- blockchain --- fintech --- unified theory of acceptance and use of technology --- intention to use --- fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis --- bonus-malus system --- fuzzy number --- fuzzy transition probability --- fuzzy Markov chain --- fuzzy stationary state --- SDGs --- The Quintuple Helix of Innovation Model --- sustainability --- Latin America --- knowledge systems --- Forgotten Effects Theory --- Fuzzy Logic --- tourist destination competitiveness --- experton theory --- forgotten effects theory --- Hamming distance --- decision making --- expert group --- neuro-fuzzy assessment --- evaluation of specialists --- smart city --- assessment risk --- smart transport --- mobility --- transparent selection --- public financial resources --- recovery plan --- selection of quality methods --- manufacturing process --- intuitionistic fuzzy sets --- genetic algorithm --- adoption of environmental practices --- human resource costs --- organizational learning capability --- information technology support --- size --- education level --- experience --- university ranking --- unsupervised pattern recognition --- clustering techniques --- corruption perception --- corruption normalization --- gender --- entrepreneurial intention --- STEM --- family entrepreneurial background --- fsQCA --- household income --- pythagorean membership --- financial knowledge --- decision-making --- fuzzy logic --- fuzzy arithmetic --- extension principle --- economic models --- Harrod’s growth --- enhancement strategy --- brand attachment --- convenience stores --- fuzzy quality function deployment --- audit team leader --- audit risk assessment --- small- and medium-sized audit firms --- planification --- fuzzy theory --- Bonferroni means --- prioritized aggregation operators --- induced aggregation operators --- OWA operator --- transparency --- fuzzy sets --- fuzzy numbers --- linguistic variables --- fuzzy data analysis --- correlation between fuzzy variables --- poverty policy --- efficiency --- Debreu–Farrell productivity index --- cryptocurrencies --- bitcoin --- blockchain --- fintech --- unified theory of acceptance and use of technology --- intention to use --- fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis --- bonus-malus system --- fuzzy number --- fuzzy transition probability --- fuzzy Markov chain --- fuzzy stationary state --- SDGs --- The Quintuple Helix of Innovation Model --- sustainability --- Latin America --- knowledge systems --- Forgotten Effects Theory --- Fuzzy Logic --- tourist destination competitiveness --- experton theory --- forgotten effects theory --- Hamming distance --- decision making --- expert group --- neuro-fuzzy assessment --- evaluation of specialists --- smart city --- assessment risk --- smart transport --- mobility --- transparent selection --- public financial resources --- recovery plan --- selection of quality methods --- manufacturing process --- intuitionistic fuzzy sets --- genetic algorithm --- adoption of environmental practices --- human resource costs --- organizational learning capability --- information technology support --- size --- education level --- experience --- university ranking --- unsupervised pattern recognition --- clustering techniques --- corruption perception --- corruption normalization --- gender --- entrepreneurial intention --- STEM --- family entrepreneurial background --- fsQCA --- household income --- pythagorean membership --- financial knowledge --- decision-making --- fuzzy logic --- fuzzy arithmetic --- extension principle --- economic models --- Harrod’s growth --- enhancement strategy --- brand attachment --- convenience stores --- fuzzy quality function deployment --- audit team leader --- audit risk assessment --- small- and medium-sized audit firms --- planification --- fuzzy theory