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Investment. --- Financial constraints. --- Soft budget constraint. --- Transition to a market economy.
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Payments of bribes and the expenses incurred on rent-seeking activities impose a significant financial burden on private firms, which is compounded when they do not have enough funds of their own or find it costly to borrow externally. This paper hypothesizes that financial constraints magnify the harmful effects of corruption. It applies this idea to the impact of corruption on employment growth among private firms. Using firm-level survey data for 109 countries, the analysis finds that corruption has a much larger negative impact on employment growth for firms that are financially constrained compared with firms that are not financially constrained. For the baseline specification, a one standard deviation increase in the bribery rate brings about a decline in the annual growth rate of employment of financially constrained firms that is 2.3 percent greater than that for firms that are not financially constrained. This is a large difference given that the mean employment growth is about 5.1 percent. The results show that corruption "sands the wheel" at high levels of financial constraint and "greases the wheels" of an otherwise slow bureaucracy at low levels of financial constraint.
Access to Finance --- Bribery --- Corporate Governance and Corruption --- Corruption --- Employment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Constraints --- Firm Performance --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Rent Seeking
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A close scrutiny of how theatre companies operate is an often neglected aspect of theatre life in Africa, yet, as companies profiled here grapple with the issues of 'creativity and collaboration' much is revealed about the way theatre companies across the continent face the challenges of financial constraints, the political complications of sponsorship and funding, the need for creative or intellectual freedoms, the intricacies of contracts and the crucial decisions about venues and audiences. Volume Editor: JAMES GIBBS, University of the West of England. The contributors include: DEXTER LYNDERSAY, FOLUKE OUGUNLEYE, SIRI LANGE, ALLY MKUMBILA, BRACCO CHITOSA, MANFRED LOIMEIR, LUCY RICHARDSON, CHRISTINE MATZKE, VICTOR S. DUGGA, PATRICK-JUDE OTEH, BASIL JONES, MICHAEL WALLING, BRITISH COUNCIL, JOS REPERTORY THEATRE.
Theater --- Theatrical companies --- Acting companies --- Acting troupes --- Companies, Theatrical --- Dramatic companies --- Theater companies --- Troupes, Acting --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Audience. --- Creative Collaboration. --- Financial Constraints. --- Intellectual Freedoms. --- Political Complications. --- Theatre Companies. --- Venue.
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This paper examines how financial development influences foreign direct investment. The direct and indirect sector-specific effects that source countries' financial development and destination countries' financial development can have on foreign direct investment are first identified in a conceptual framework. The presence and relative strength of these various channels of influence at the different margins of foreign direct investment are then empirically investigated using unique and underexploited sector-specific bilateral panel data on greenfield foreign direct investment over the period 2003-2006. Causality is established by applying a difference-in-differences approach that exploits the variation in financial vulnerability across manufacturing sectors. The overall effects of higher source countries' financial development and destination countries' financial development on the relative volume of bilateral foreign direct investment in financially vulnerable sectors are large, positive, and complementary. These effects appear to operate mainly at the intensive margin rather than at the extensive margin of foreign direct investment. There is also evidence of direct and indirect effects of financial development. The key findings are robust to the use of data on the number of bilateral Mergers&Acquisitions transactions. Overall, the empirical results unambiguously indicate that a sophisticated and well-functioning financial system in source and destination countries greatly facilitates the international expansion of firms through foreign direct investment, especially in financially vulnerable sectors.
Access to Finance --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Constraints --- Financial Development --- Financial Vulnerability --- Foreign Direct Investment --- International Economics & Trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Private Sector Development
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This paper examines whether political connections ease financial constraints faced by firms. Using firm-level data from six Central and Eastern European economies, the paper shows that politically connected firms: (i) have high levels of leverage, (ii) have low levels of profitability, (iii) are less capitalized, (iv) have low marginal productivity of capital, and (v) do not invest more than unconnected firms. Next, the paper shows that connected firms borrow more because they have easier access to credit and that political connections lead to a misallocation of capital. The results are consistent with the idea that political connections distort capital allocation and may have welfare costs.
Allocative Efficiency --- Corruption --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Constraints --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Governance --- Investment --- Marginal Product of Capital --- Misallocation of Capital --- Political Connections --- Politically Exposed Persons --- Public Sector Development --- Return On Asset
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Under financial constraints, exporting may have less to do with productivity and more to do with financial resources. The established relationship between exporting and productivity would differ when examined through the lens of the working capital needs of the firm. The hypothesis that working capital matters in the firm's exporting decision is explored in two ways: first, by articulating a dynamic working capital model of the firm that incorporates the firm's export decision. Secondly, by testing the hypothesis empirically using a unique firm level dataset from Bangladesh, where issues of financial constraints are particularly acute. The model shows that productivity determines export status of the firm as long as it is not under financial constraints. However, under financial constraints, export status is less dependent on productivity and more dependent on the availability of working capital. Empirical results support the model's prediction. The relationship between exporting time and the need for greater liquidity is also borne out empirically as shown by a positive and significant correlation between the amount of working capital and the distance of export destination. An important policy implication from the analysis is that short term liquidity is critical in allowing productive firms to export and that access to finance may prevent the benefits of trade liberalization within a country to be fully realized.
Access to Finance --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Export Decision --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Constraints --- Financial Resources --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Short Term Liquidity --- Social Protections and Labor --- Working Capital Model
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Even as they see their wages go down and their buying power decrease, many parents are still putting their kids' material desires first. These parents struggle with how to handle children's consumer wants, which continue unabated despite the economic downturn. And, indeed, parents and other adults continue to spend billions of dollars on children every year. Why do children seem to desire so much, so often, so soon, and why do parents capitulate so readily? To determine what forces lie behind the onslaught of Nintendo Wiis and Bratz dolls, Allison J. Pugh spent three years observing and interviewing children and their families. In Longing and Belonging: Parents, Children, and Consumer Culture, Pugh teases out the complex factors that contribute to how we buy, from lunchroom conversations about Game Boys to the stark inequalities facing American children. Pugh finds that children's desires stem less from striving for status or falling victim to advertising than from their yearning to join the conversation at school or in the neighborhood. Most parents respond to children's need to belong by buying the particular goods and experiences that act as passports in children's social worlds, because they sympathize with their children's fear of being different from their peers. Even under financial constraints, families prioritize children "feeling normal". Pugh masterfully illuminates the surprising similarities in the fears and hopes of parents and children from vastly different social contexts, showing that while corporate marketing and materialism play a part in the commodification of childhood, at the heart of the matter is the desire to belong.
Child consumers --- Consumer behavior --- Consumption (Economics) --- Parent and child --- Social aspects --- Child consumers. --- Consumptiemaatschappij. --- Eltern --- Kinderen. --- Konsumverhalten --- Ouderschap. --- Parent and child. --- Verbraucherverhalten. --- Social aspects. --- California. --- Kalifornien. --- Verenigde Staten. --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- National consumption --- Child and parent --- Children and parents --- Parent-child relations --- Parents and children --- Children and adults --- Interpersonal relations --- Parental alienation syndrome --- Sandwich generation --- Children as consumers --- Consumers --- Consumer demand --- Consumer spending --- Consumerism --- Spending, Consumer --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Behavior, Consumer --- Buyer behavior --- Decision making, Consumer --- Human behavior --- Consumer profiling --- Market surveys --- ambivalence. --- american children. --- american culture. --- american society. --- belonging. --- childhood. --- children. --- commodification of childhood. --- consumer culture. --- consumer desires. --- consumerism. --- corporate marketing. --- desire to belong. --- economic downturn. --- economy of dignity. --- family. --- feeling normal. --- financial constraints. --- inequality. --- low income parenting. --- market. --- material desires. --- materialism. --- parenthood. --- parents. --- social contexts. --- social desires. --- social inequality. --- social psychology. --- sociology of children. --- sociology.
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The Efficient Market Hypothesis believes that it is impossible for an investor to outperform the market because all available information is already built into stock prices. However, some anomalies could persist in stock markets while some other anomalies could appear, disappear and re-appear again without any warning. A Special Issue on "Efficiency and Anomalies in Stock Markets" will be devoted to advancements in the theoretical development of market efficiency and anomaly in the Stock Market, as well as applications in Stock Market efficiency and anomalies.
stochastic dominance --- Omega ratio --- risk averters --- risk seekers --- utility maximization --- market efficiency --- anomaly --- emerging markets --- KSE Pakistan --- three-factor model --- size and value premiums --- future economic growth --- liquidity proxy --- emerging market --- transaction cost --- price impact --- efficient market --- economic policy uncertainty --- random walk --- news --- Asian market --- G7 market --- real exchange rate --- volatility --- financial development --- economic growth --- Put–Call Ratio --- volume --- open interest --- frequency-domain roiling causality --- convertible bond --- financial constraints --- stock performance --- Autoregressive Model --- non-Gaussian error --- realized volatility --- Threshold Autoregressive Model --- value premium --- technical analysis --- moving average --- China stock market --- stock market --- finance --- applications --- EMH --- anomalies --- Behavioral Finance --- Winner–Loser Effect --- Momentum Effect --- calendar anomalies --- BM effect --- the size effect --- Disposition Effect --- Equity Premium Puzzle --- herd effect --- ostrich effect --- bubbles --- trading rules --- overconfidence --- utility --- portfolio selection --- portfolio optimization --- risk measures --- performance measures --- indifference curves --- two-moment decision models --- dynamic models --- diversification --- behavioral models --- unit root --- cointegration --- causality --- nonlinearity --- covariance --- copulas --- robust estimation --- anchoring
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The Efficient Market Hypothesis believes that it is impossible for an investor to outperform the market because all available information is already built into stock prices. However, some anomalies could persist in stock markets while some other anomalies could appear, disappear and re-appear again without any warning. A Special Issue on "Efficiency and Anomalies in Stock Markets" will be devoted to advancements in the theoretical development of market efficiency and anomaly in the Stock Market, as well as applications in Stock Market efficiency and anomalies.
Development economics & emerging economies --- stochastic dominance --- Omega ratio --- risk averters --- risk seekers --- utility maximization --- market efficiency --- anomaly --- emerging markets --- KSE Pakistan --- three-factor model --- size and value premiums --- future economic growth --- liquidity proxy --- emerging market --- transaction cost --- price impact --- efficient market --- economic policy uncertainty --- random walk --- news --- Asian market --- G7 market --- real exchange rate --- volatility --- financial development --- economic growth --- Put–Call Ratio --- volume --- open interest --- frequency-domain roiling causality --- convertible bond --- financial constraints --- stock performance --- Autoregressive Model --- non-Gaussian error --- realized volatility --- Threshold Autoregressive Model --- value premium --- technical analysis --- moving average --- China stock market --- stock market --- finance --- applications --- EMH --- anomalies --- Behavioral Finance --- Winner–Loser Effect --- Momentum Effect --- calendar anomalies --- BM effect --- the size effect --- Disposition Effect --- Equity Premium Puzzle --- herd effect --- ostrich effect --- bubbles --- trading rules --- overconfidence --- utility --- portfolio selection --- portfolio optimization --- risk measures --- performance measures --- indifference curves --- two-moment decision models --- dynamic models --- diversification --- behavioral models --- unit root --- cointegration --- causality --- nonlinearity --- covariance --- copulas --- robust estimation --- anchoring
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