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Commercial crimes --- Finance --- Prevention. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Financial Action Task Force.

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Financial system safeguards against money laundering and terrorist financing are crucial for the integrity of the global financial system, but these safeguards need to be crafted in such a way that they do not negatively affect financial inclusion and disincentive the use of the formal financial system by ordinary individuals and businesses. This study examines the possible unintended consequences of the implementation of international standards on anti-money laundering, combating the financing of terrorism (AML-CFT) on financial inclusion objectives and proposes ways to address any such consequences. This examination focuses mainly on external AML-CFT compliance evaluations, so-called mutual evaluations, led by international organizations and the money laundering and terrorist financing (ML-TF) risk assessments undertaken by the countries themselves. The analysis is supplemented by interviews with officials and private sector representatives from three countries and by field experience and observations from experts. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), the international standard setter for AML-CFT, has been devoting increasing attention to financial inclusion over the past decade, but this is not yet fully reflected in country mutual evaluations. The FATF's increasing attention is evident in its guidance papers on financial inclusion and digital identification (ID), and in the recognition of the importance of financial inclusion in its 2019 mandate. However, coverage of financial inclusion in mutual evaluations is still uneven and mostly superficial and is not accompanied by concrete policy recommendations.

Conflict and Development --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Action Task Force --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- International Terrorism and Counterterrorism --- Terrorist Financing

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Recent work draws attention to the fragility of domestic tax revenues-a vital resource for the developing world-to illicit financial flows. To cope with two major challenges in the illicit financial flows-tax revenues relationship-related to the mere illicit financial flows measurement and reverse causality-this paper exploits the Financial Action Task Force data using an impact assessment analysis. Estimations reveal a significant tax revenue loss in countries associated with important illicit financial flows with respect to comparable countries without important illicit financial flows. Moreover, this causal effect-estimated as being economically meaningful-is supported by a large robustness section, and in particular remains unchanged when using several "doubly robust" estimators. Lastly, it unveils heterogeneities in the impact of illicit financial flows on tax revenues, related to the type of tax-a significant loss for indirect but not for direct taxes-and the considered environment. Therefore, policies combating illicit financial flows-for example, by developing institutions or a sound financial system, as shown by the estimations-may provide additional tax revenues for the developing world.

Event Analysis --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Action Task Force --- Financial Law --- Financial Regulation and Supervision --- Foreign Trade Promotion and Regulation --- Illicit Financial Flows --- International Economics and Trade --- Law and Development --- Tax Revenue