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Enterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia , Salmonella , Shigella , Klebsiella , Yersinia , and others. They are associated with intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases, such as urinary tract infections and diarrhea. This book examines enterobacteria with a focus on pathogenesis, virulence factors, and treatment strategies, as well as their role in multidrug resistance.

Enterobacteriaceae. --- Coliform bacilli --- Coliform bacteria --- Coliforms --- Colon bacilli --- Enteric bacilli --- Enteric bacteria --- Enterics (Bacteria) --- Enterobacteria --- Fecal coliform bacteria --- Fecal coliforms --- Gram-negative bacteria

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R. Fuller 1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL PREPARATIONS The history of the probiotic effect has been well documented many times previously (see e.g. Bibel, 1982; Fuller, 1992). The consumption of fermented milks dates from pre-biblical times but the probiotic concept was born at the end of the last century with the work of Metchnikoff at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In the century that has elapsed since Metchnikoff's work, the probiotic concept has been accepted by scientists and consumers throughout the world. Attempts to refine the practice from the use of traditional soured milks to preparations containing specific micro­ organisms have occupied the thoughts and endeavours of scientists in many different countries. But, in spite of the large amount of effort expended in attempting to explain and define the effect, it has to be admitted that little is known of the way in which probiotics operate. There are likely to be several different mechanisms because it seems highly improbable that a mode of action that explains resistance to microbial infection will also hold true for improved milk production or alleviation of lactose malabsorption.

Intestines --- Enterobacteriaceae. --- Microorganisms --- Intestins --- Micro-organismes --- Microbiology. --- Therapeutic use. --- Microbiologie --- Emploi en thérapeutique --- Emploi en thérapeutique --- Animal anatomy. --- Nutrition   . --- Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology. --- Nutrition. --- Alimentation --- Food --- Nutrition --- Health --- Physiology --- Diet --- Dietetics --- Digestion --- Food habits --- Malnutrition --- Animal anatomy --- Animals --- Biology --- Health aspects --- Anatomy --- Probiotics. --- Coliform bacilli --- Coliform bacteria --- Coliforms --- Colon bacilli --- Enteric bacilli --- Enteric bacteria --- Enterics (Bacteria) --- Enterobacteria --- Fecal coliform bacteria --- Fecal coliforms --- Gram-negative bacteria --- Probiotic supplements --- Dietary supplements --- Gastrointestinal system --- Germs --- Micro-organisms --- Microbes --- Microscopic organisms --- Organisms --- Microbiology --- Bacteriology

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In response to the increasing urbanization, advances in the science of urban hydrology have improved urban water system management, creating more livable cities in which public safety and health, as well as the environment, are protected. The ultimate goal of urban water management is to mimic the hydrological cycle prior to urbanization. On top of urbanization, climate change, which has been demonstrated to alter the hydrological cycle in all respects, has introduced additional challenges to managing urban water systems. To mitigate and adapt to urbanization under a changing climate, understanding key hydrologic components should expand to include complex issues brought forth by climate change. Thus, effective and efficient measures can be formulated. This Special Issue of Water presents a variety of research papers that span a range of spatial and temporal scales of relevance in different societies’ efforts in adapting to the eminent changes in climate and the continuous changes in the landscape. From mitigating water quality in permeable pavements and bioretention swales to understanding changes in groundwater recharge in large regions, this Special Issue examines the state-of-the-art in sustainable urban design for adaptation and resiliency.

Technology: general issues --- permeable asphalt --- heavy metal --- leaching behavior --- MSWI-BAA --- stormwater --- low impact development --- sustainable urban drainage systems --- stormwater modelling --- urban development --- GIS --- SAW --- decision-making --- strategic planning --- spatial analysis --- stormwater quality --- fecal coliforms --- Vancouver Island --- nearshore areas --- bacteria loading --- multinomial logistic regression --- periodicity analysis --- land use impacts --- climate impacts --- green roof --- energy performance --- heat island effect --- bio-retention --- green infrastructure --- runoff control performance --- storm inlet hydraulics --- flow distribution hydraulics --- climate change --- urbanization --- urban runoff --- Toronto --- Montreal --- Vancouver --- flooding --- geospatial modeling --- groundwater level --- trends --- non-stationarity --- climate variability --- land use/land cover change --- developing cities --- n/a

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In response to the increasing urbanization, advances in the science of urban hydrology have improved urban water system management, creating more livable cities in which public safety and health, as well as the environment, are protected. The ultimate goal of urban water management is to mimic the hydrological cycle prior to urbanization. On top of urbanization, climate change, which has been demonstrated to alter the hydrological cycle in all respects, has introduced additional challenges to managing urban water systems. To mitigate and adapt to urbanization under a changing climate, understanding key hydrologic components should expand to include complex issues brought forth by climate change. Thus, effective and efficient measures can be formulated. This Special Issue of Water presents a variety of research papers that span a range of spatial and temporal scales of relevance in different societies’ efforts in adapting to the eminent changes in climate and the continuous changes in the landscape. From mitigating water quality in permeable pavements and bioretention swales to understanding changes in groundwater recharge in large regions, this Special Issue examines the state-of-the-art in sustainable urban design for adaptation and resiliency.

Technology: general issues --- permeable asphalt --- heavy metal --- leaching behavior --- MSWI-BAA --- stormwater --- low impact development --- sustainable urban drainage systems --- stormwater modelling --- urban development --- GIS --- SAW --- decision-making --- strategic planning --- spatial analysis --- stormwater quality --- fecal coliforms --- Vancouver Island --- nearshore areas --- bacteria loading --- multinomial logistic regression --- periodicity analysis --- land use impacts --- climate impacts --- green roof --- energy performance --- heat island effect --- bio-retention --- green infrastructure --- runoff control performance --- storm inlet hydraulics --- flow distribution hydraulics --- climate change --- urbanization --- urban runoff --- Toronto --- Montreal --- Vancouver --- flooding --- geospatial modeling --- groundwater level --- trends --- non-stationarity --- climate variability --- land use/land cover change --- developing cities

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The quality of drinking water is paramount for public health. Despite important improvements in the last decades, access to safe drinking water is not universal. The World Health Organization estimates that almost 10% of the population in the world do not have access to improved drinking water sources. Among other diseases, waterborne infections cause diarrhea, which kills nearly one million people every year, mostly children under 5 years of age. On the other hand, chemical pollution is a concern in high-income countries and an increasing problem in low- and middle-income countries. Exposure to chemicals in drinking water may lead to a range of chronic non-communicable diseases (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disease), adverse reproductive outcomes, and effects on children’s health (e.g., neurodevelopment), among other health effects. Although drinking water quality is regulated and monitored in many countries, increasing knowledge leads to the need for reviewing standards and guidelines on a nearly permanent basis, both for regulated and newly identified contaminants. Drinking water standards are mostly based on animal toxicity data, and more robust epidemiologic studies with accurate exposure assessment are needed. The current risk assessment paradigm dealing mostly with one-by-one chemicals dismisses the potential synergisms or interactions from exposures to mixtures of contaminants, particularly at the low-exposure range. Thus, evidence is needed on exposure and health effects of mixtures of contaminants in drinking water. Finally, water stress and water quality problems are expected to increase in the coming years due to climate change and increasing water demand by population growth, and new evidence is needed to design appropriate adaptation policies.This Special Issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) focuses on the current state of knowledge on the links between drinking water quality and human health.

risk assessment --- time series study --- risk context --- ammonia --- fluoride --- exposure assessment --- water safety plan --- HWTS implementation --- human health --- simulation study --- drinking water guidance --- chlorination by-product --- adverse reproductive outcomes --- spatial variations --- THMs --- zinc --- radioactivity --- thyroid disease --- risk management --- infants --- water contamination --- infant health --- small for gestational age --- drinking water quality --- methemoglobinemia --- magnesium --- monitoring --- effect measure modification --- nitrite --- health-based guideline --- environmental exposure --- organic matter --- Maryland --- tap water --- impact assessment --- turbidity --- chronic kidney disease --- fever --- diarrhoeal disease --- rural water resources --- drinking water --- acute gastroenteritis --- Nigeria --- E. coli --- pharmacokinetic modeling --- chemical risk assessment --- uncertainty factors --- community water system --- groundwater --- dental health --- inorganic manganese --- atrazine --- duration extrapolation --- health insurance data --- space–time detection --- seasonality --- fecal coliforms --- water safety plans --- preterm birth --- dissolved oxygen --- gravity-fed piped water scheme --- urban area --- cough --- water operation data --- screening method --- endogenous nitrosation --- infant exposure --- sanitary inspection --- waterborne disease outbreak --- N-nitroso compounds --- end-stage renal disease --- arsenic --- diarrhea --- sodium --- private wells --- animal feeding operation --- endocrine disruptor --- Vibrio pathogens --- LTD --- disinfection by-product --- chemical oxygen demand --- potassium --- biomonitoring --- nitrate --- annual effective dose --- sub-Saharan Africa --- France --- carcinogenic --- public health --- enterococci --- calcium --- water and sanitation --- pharmaceuticals --- environment --- drinking water distribution systems --- water contaminants --- Asia-Pacific region --- Denmark --- trihalomethanes --- risk --- cancer --- low birth weight --- drug labels