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The European Axis policy remains largely unwritten. Little is known about the factors that united or divided the Fascist regime and the Nazi Reich regarding the post-war order. Furthermore, even less is known about the Italian plans for a fascist Europe, which wartime events soon relegated to the margins of Axis policy. This book reconstructs the debate on the new European order developed from the 1930s to the spring of 1943 by Fascist politicians, philosophers, writers, anthropologists, and geographers. The debate progressed alongside the evolution of the international framework and in parallel with the war. The diachronic examination of these projects, where distinctive elements of Fascist ideology were instrumentally entwined with Latin and Catholic tradition, allows us to recover the thread of relations between Italy and Germany and between Italy and the minor allies of the Axis. The very choice of words - Fascist Europe, Axis Europe, Catholic Europe or Europe of Nations - reflects a shift in the balance of power: from collaboration to competition, from fear to an attempt to regain prominence. In 1943, the idea of a Europe of nations with an explicitly anti-German intent was the final, unrealistic assertion toward a new order where Axis Europe was not just Nazi Europe.

Fascism & Nazism --- Second World War --- 20th century history: c 1900 to c 2000 --- new european order, Italian Fascism, The Axis, the thirties, the crisis of Europe, fascist europe, second world war, Third Reich, debate on the new Europe, new economic order, eurafrica, eurafrasia

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Drawing on a wide range documentary and oral sources, including interviews with refugees, this book explores the responses in Manchester to those threatened by the rise of Fascism in Europe. By exploring the responses of particular segments of Manchester society, from Jewish communal organisations and the Zionist movement to the Christian churches, pacifist organisations and private charities, it offers a critical analysis of the factors which facilitated and limited the work of rescue and their effect on the lives of the seven or eight thousand refugees - Spanish, Italian, German, Austrian an

Jews --- Jewish refugees --- Political refugees --- World War, 1939-1945 --- European War, 1939-1945 --- Second World War, 1939-1945 --- World War 2, 1939-1945 --- World War II, 1939-1945 --- World War Two, 1939-1945 --- WW II (World War, 1939-1945) --- WWII (World War, 1939-1945) --- History, Modern --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Refugees --- Refugees, Jewish --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- History --- Migrations --- Manchester (England) --- Manchester, Eng. --- Manchʻēsdr (England) --- Manchester (Greater Manchester) --- City and Borough of Manchester (England) --- Ethnic relations --- Basque country. --- Fascist Europe. --- Jewish academics. --- Manchester. --- Nazi persecution. --- Spanish Civil War. --- anti-Semitism. --- industrialists. --- liberal city. --- refugees.