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Using firm-level data on manufacturing sectors in Africa, this paper addresses how domestic supply constraints and other firm characteristics explain the geographical orientation of firms' exports and the overall market diversification of African manufacturing exports. The degree of market diversification, measured by the number of export destinations, is highly correlated with export intensity at the firm level, and both embody strong scale effects. Technological factors, such as new vintage capital and Internet access, which improve production efficiency and lower export costs, show strong effects on the firm-level export intensity. Some qualitative differences exist between Africa's regional exports and exports to the global markets. Foreign ownership is a significant factor in characterizing the intensity of global exports but not regional exports. The technological factors are significant in both cases, but more so in global exports. Public infrastructure constraints, such as inferior power services and customs delays, seem to have more immediate impacts on regional exports in general, implying the relevance of addressing behind-the-border constraints in fostering regional integration in Africa. Customs efficiency does matter for textile exports to the global markets, underscoring the importance of improving trade facilitation in Africa for competitive participation of African producers in global supply chain industries.

Commodity prices --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory and Research --- Export markets --- Factor price --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Free Trade --- International Economics & Trade --- International trade --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market entry --- Market orientation --- Markets and Market Access --- Microfinance --- Product quality --- Supply chain --- Supply chains --- Total sales

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In this book Daniel Hamermesh provides the first comprehensive picture of the disparate field of labor demand. The author reviews both the static and dynamic theories of labor demand, and provides evaluative summaries of the available empirical research in these two subject areas. Moreover, he uses both theory and evidence to establish a generalized framework for analyzing the impact of policies such as minimum wages, payroll taxes, job- security measures, unemployment insurance, and others. Covering every aspect of labor demand, this book uses material from a wide range of countries.

331.52 --- Labor demand --- Labor market --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Markets --- Demand, Labor --- Demand for labor --- 331.52 Arbeidsmarktstructuur. Vraag en aanbod op de arbeidsmarkt. Spreiding van arbeidsplaatsen. Spreiden van arbeidskrachten. Tewerkstellingsgraad --- Arbeidsmarktstructuur. Vraag en aanbod op de arbeidsmarkt. Spreiding van arbeidsplaatsen. Spreiden van arbeidskrachten. Tewerkstellingsgraad --- Supply and demand --- Labor demand. --- 331.526 --- 331.123 --- Levels of employment. Employment situation, conditions --- #A9402E --- 331.526 Levels of employment. Employment situation, conditions --- 332.630 --- 332.691 --- AA / International- internationaal --- Strijd tegen de werkloosheid: algemeen. Theorie en beleid van de werkgelegenheid. Volledige werkgelegenheid --- Evolutie van de arbeidsmarkt --- Labour market --- Labor market. --- Marché du travail --- Mercado de trabajo. --- Cobb–Douglas production function. --- Comparative advantage. --- Compensating differential. --- Contract curve. --- Cost curve. --- Demand For Labor. --- Demand response. --- Derived demand. --- Developed country. --- Developing country. --- Earnings. --- Economic cost. --- Economic efficiency. --- Economic forces. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economics. --- Efficiency wage. --- Efficiency. --- Elasticity of intertemporal substitution. --- Elasticity of substitution. --- Employment. --- Endogenous growth theory. --- Estimation. --- Excess supply. --- Externality. --- Factor cost. --- Factor price. --- Implicit cost. --- Income elasticity of demand. --- Indifference curve. --- Induced innovation. --- Inelastic. --- Inflation. --- Instrumental variable. --- Investment goods. --- Isoquant. --- Job security. --- John Haltiwanger. --- Labour supply. --- Law of demand. --- Layoff. --- Living wage. --- Long run and short run. --- Mandatory retirement. --- Manufacturing in the United States. --- Marginal cost. --- Marginal product. --- Marginal rate of substitution. --- Marginal rate of technical substitution. --- Maximum wage. --- Minimum wage. --- Monopsony. --- Neoclassical economics. --- Net Change. --- Net investment. --- New Keynesian economics. --- Oligopoly. --- Outsourcing. --- Partial equilibrium. --- Payroll tax. --- Phillips curve. --- Present value. --- Price Change. --- Price elasticity of demand. --- Price elasticity of supply. --- Production function. --- Productive efficiency. --- Productivity. --- Profit (economics). --- Profit maximization. --- Real business-cycle theory. --- Real versus nominal value (economics). --- Real wages. --- Recession. --- Reservation wage. --- Response Lag. --- Risk aversion. --- Scarcity. --- Shephard's lemma. --- Shortage. --- Stephen Nickell. --- Subsidy. --- Substitution effect. --- Supply (economics). --- Supply and demand. --- Supply shock. --- Tax incidence. --- Tax. --- Theory of the firm. --- Time preference. --- Total cost. --- Total factor productivity. --- Trade barrier. --- Unemployment in the United States. --- Unemployment. --- Utility. --- Utilization. --- Variable cost. --- Wage.