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Muscular Dystrophies --- Chromosome Mapping --- Facial Muscles --- genetics --- physiopathology

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Exercise therapy --- Face --- Malocclusion --- Mouth --- Facial Muscles --- Mouth Rehabilitation --- Muscles --- Abnormalities

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Of the approximately 640 muscles in the human body, over 10% of them are found in the craniofacial region. The craniofacial muscles are involved in a number of crucial non-locomotor activities, and are critical to the most basic functions of life, including vision, taste, chewing and food manipulation, swallowing, respiration, speech, as well as regulating facial expression and controlling facial aperture patency. Despite their importance, the biology of these small skeletal muscles is relatively unexplored. Only recently have we begun to understand their unique embryonic development and the genes that control it and characteristic features that separate them from the skeletal muscle stereotype. This book is the most comprehensive reference to date on craniofacial muscle development, structure, function, and disease. It details the state-of-the-art basic science of the craniofacial muscles, and describes their unique response to major neuromuscular conditions. Most importantly, the text highlights how the craniofacial muscles are different from most skeletal muscles, and why they have been viewed as a distinct allotype. In addition, the text points to major gaps in our knowledge about these very important skeletal muscles and identified key gaps in our knowledge and areas primed for further study and discovery.

Masticatory muscles. --- Muscles. --- Physical anthropology. --- Primates -- Anatomy. --- Skull. --- Head --- Muscle, Striated --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Body Regions --- Muscles --- Musculoskeletal System --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Anatomy --- Tissues --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Physiology --- Muscle, Skeletal --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Face --- Facial muscles --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Neurosciences. --- Human anatomy. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Physiology. --- Anatomy. --- Figure drawing --- Skull

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A spellbinding look at the philosophical and moral implications of animal dreamingAre humans the only dreamers on Earth? What goes on in the minds of animals when they sleep? When Animals Dream brings together behavioral and neuroscientific research on animal sleep with philosophical theories of dreaming. It shows that dreams provide an invaluable window into the cognitive and emotional lives of nonhuman animals, giving us access to a seemingly inaccessible realm of animal experience.David Peña-Guzmán uncovers evidence of animal dreaming throughout the scientific literature, suggesting that many animals run "reality simulations" while asleep, with a dream-ego moving through a dynamic and coherent dreamscape. He builds a convincing case for animals as conscious beings and examines the thorny scientific, philosophical, and ethical questions it raises. Once we accept that animals dream, we incur a host of moral obligations and have no choice but to rethink our views about who animals are and the interior lives they lead.A mesmerizing journey into the otherworldly domain of nonhuman consciousness, When Animals Dream carries profound implications for contemporary debates about animal cognition, animal ethics, and animal rights, challenging us to regard animals as beings who matter, and for whom things matter.

Consciousness in animals. --- Animal rights --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Abductive reasoning. --- Activation. --- Affair. --- Algorithm. --- American Psychological Association. --- Ammunition. --- Amygdala. --- Animal Dreams. --- Animal cognition. --- Animal consciousness. --- Animal rights. --- Augustine of Hippo. --- BDSM. --- Behavior. --- Bessel van der Kolk. --- Bioethics. --- Body schema. --- Boris Cyrulnik. --- Brainstem. --- Chimpanzee. --- Cognition. --- Cognitive map. --- Concept learning. --- Consciousness. --- Dan Zahavi. --- Daydream. --- Delusion. --- Descartes' Error. --- Diaphragmatic breathing. --- Disinhibition. --- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. --- Dream world (plot device). --- Edmund Husserl. --- Elaboration. --- Emotion. --- Empathy. --- Epilogue. --- Existence. --- Existentialism. --- Explanation. --- Facial expression. --- Facial muscles. --- Feeling. --- Gaston Bachelard. --- Hallucination. --- Heat exhaustion. --- Henry David Thoreau. --- Human science. --- Imagination. --- Insomnia. --- Instance (computer science). --- Intentionality. --- Ipso facto. --- Isolation tank. --- Jean-Paul Sartre. --- John Searle. --- John Stuart Mill. --- Kantianism. --- Lucid dream. --- Maurice Merleau-Ponty. --- Mental representation. --- Metacognition. --- Morality. --- Natural science. --- Ned Block. --- Neuron. --- Persistent vegetative state. --- Phenomenology (psychology). --- Phenomenon. --- Philosopher. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Philosophy of science. --- Philosophy. --- Physical property. --- Posterior cingulate. --- Posttraumatic stress disorder. --- Prima facie. --- Proverb. --- Psychiatry. --- Pyramidal cell. --- Qualia. --- Rapid eye movement sleep. --- Rationality. --- Reality. --- Self-actualization. --- Self-concept. --- Self-control. --- Sleep. --- Social engagement. --- Spatial memory. --- State of affairs (philosophy). --- Subjective consciousness. --- The Interpretation of Dreams. --- Theory. --- Thought. --- Uniqueness. --- University College London. --- Value theory. --- Victorian era. --- Zoology.