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In the nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries, American physicians treated women and girls for masturbation by removing the clitoris (clitoridectomy) or clitoral hood (female circumcision). During this same time, and continuing to today, physicians also performed female circumcision to enable women to reach orgasm. While the opposite purposes of these clitoral surgeries (to either contain a perceived excessive sexuality or to remedy a perceived lack of sexual responsiveness) may seem paradoxical, their use reflects a consistent medical conception of the clitoris as a sexual organ. In recent years both the popular media and academics have commented on the rising popularity in the United States of female genital cosmetic surgeries, including female circumcision, yet these discussions often assume such surgeries are new. In Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment, Sarah Rodriguez presents an engaging and surprising history of surgeries on the clitoris, revealing what the therapeutic use of clitoridectomy and female circumcision tells us about changing (and not so changing) medical ideas concerning the female body and female sexuality. Sarah B. Rodriguez teaches at Northwestern University in the Medical Humanities and Bioethics Program and in the Global Health Studies Program.

Clitoris --- Female circumcision --- Surgery --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Initiation rites --- Vulva

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Weibliche Genitalbeschneidung ist ein Phänomen, das aus verschiedenen Perspektiven betrachtet unterschiedliche Reaktionen hervorruft. Wie erleben betroffene Frauen mit somalischer Herkunft die Praktik im Kontext von Migration? Und welchen Blick haben Fachkräfte der Sozialen Arbeit und migrierte somalische Männer auf weibliche Genitalbeschneidung? Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass die Perspektive betroffener Frauen und Männer in der Sozialen Arbeit in Zukunft deutlich mehr berücksichtigt werden muss. Female circumcision is a phenomenon that causes different reactions from different perspectives. How do Somali women experience the practice in the context of migration? And what view do social workers and migrated Somali men have of female circumcision? Overall, it is clarified that the perspective of affected women and men in social work will have to be given much more future consideration. So unterschiedlich die Persönlichkeiten und Biographien der GesprächspartnerInnen, so vielfältig sind deren Aussagen. Dennoch wird klar: Nachwievor sind Hebammen und GynäkologInnen zu wenig über weibliche Genitalbeschneidung informiert und verhalten sich Betroffenen gegenüber all zu oft unangemessen, ja herablassend. Aber eine maßgebende Voraussetzung für die Akzeptanz von Aufklärungsbemühungen ist ein offener, wertschätzender Kontakt auf Augenhöhe. frauenrechte.de, 01/2016

Gender studies: women --- Female circumcision --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Surgery --- circumcision --- Female Genital Mutilation --- Migration --- Normativity --- Normativität --- Somalia --- Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung --- Weibliche Genitalverstümmelung --- Normativität

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Circumcision --- Female circumcision --- Circoncision --- Excision (Ethnologie) --- 392.1 --- Seksualiteit --- Rechten van de mens --- Spiritualiteit/Godsdiensten --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Amputation, Foreskin --- Foreskin amputation --- Foreskin removal --- Male circumcision --- Prepucectomy --- Removal of foreskin --- Foreskin --- Doop. Besnijdenis. Initiatie. Meerjarigverklaring --- Sexualité --- Droits de l'Homme --- Spiritualité/Religions --- Surgery --- Circumcision. --- Female circumcision. --- 392.1 Doop. Besnijdenis. Initiatie. Meerjarigverklaring

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Cultural expertise in the form of expert opinions formulated by social scientists appointed as experts in the legal process is not different from any other kind of expertise in court. In specialised fields of law, such as native land titles in America and in Australia, the appointment of social scientists as experts in court is a consolidated practice. This Special Issue focuses on the contemporary evolution and variation of cultural expertise as an emergent concept providing a conceptual umbrella for a variety of evolving practices, which all include use of the specialised knowledge of social sciences for the resolution of conflicts. It surveys the application of cultural expertise in the legal process with an unprecedented span of fields ranging from criminology and ethnopsychiatry to the recognition of the rights of autochthone minorities including linguistic expertise, and modern reformulation of cultural rights. In this Special Issue, the emphasis is on the development and change of culture-related expert witnessing over recent times, culture-related adjudication, and resolution of disputes, criminal litigation, and other kinds of court and out-of-court procedures. This Special Issue offers descriptions of judicial practices involving experts in local laws and customs and surveys of the most frequent fields of expert witnessing that are related with culture; interrogates who the experts are, their links with local communities, and also with the courts and the state power and politics; how cultural expert witnessing has been received by judges; how cultural expertise has developed across the sister disciplines of history and psychiatry; and eventually, it asks whether academic truth and legal truth are commensurable across time and space.

law and culture --- human rights --- socio-legal studies --- court cases --- multiculturalism --- National Strategy --- judiciary --- Sweden --- indigenous rights --- Roma --- peyote --- FGM/C --- strategic litigation --- legal anthropology --- cultural test --- cross-cultural dispute resolution --- cultural rights --- cultural experts --- immigrants --- psychiatric evaluation --- controlled substances --- applied anthropology --- law and society --- multicultural societies --- Sami --- First Nations --- expert testimony --- cultural defense --- Italian criminal justice system --- culture --- migration --- criminal anthropology --- Italy --- Bondo --- anthropology of law --- cultural expertise --- entheogens --- experts

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Comparative literature --- Thematology --- Africa --- African literature --- Female circumcision in literature. --- Female circumcision --- Literature, Experimental --- Women and literature --- Women in literature. --- Women authors --- History and criticism. --- History --- Female circumcision in literature --- Women in literature --- Woman (Christian theology) in literature --- Women in drama --- Women in poetry --- Avant-garde literature --- Experimental literature --- Avant-garde (Aesthetics) --- Modernism (Literature) --- Literary style --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Black literature (African) --- Authors, African --- Women authors&delete& --- History and criticism --- Surgery