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Export credit agencies (ECAs) have played a critical role in financing for developing countries in recent years, and officially supported export credits have been growing in volume. The current export credit exposure to developing countries and economies in transition has reached almost half a trillion dollars. This paper reviews developments in export credit markets affecting exposure, new commitments, and cover policy for developing countries and economies in transition and discusses three key issues affecting export credit markets: a more widespread involvement of ECAs in project financing transactions, a strong presence of ECAs in the market for investment insurance, and a deepening of the forfeiting market.

Exports and Imports --- Industries: Financial Services --- Trade: General --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- International economics --- Finance --- Export credits --- Project loans --- Exports --- External debt --- International trade --- Financial institutions --- Export credit --- Loans --- Debts, External --- Russian Federation

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What role does China play in Africa's development? What drives China's increasing economic involvement in the continent? This paper attempts to provide a quantified assessment of China's multifaceted influence as market, donor, financer and investor, and contractor and builder. Though in the past official development aid predominated, the paper argues that government policies, markets for each other's exports, Africa's demand for infrastructure, and differences in China's approach to financing have together moved commercial activities-trade and investment-to the center of China-Africa economic relations. While China's public sector, state financial institutions in particular, has been instrumental in the process, the influence of its private sector is increasing. Implications for the future of China-Africa economic relations are briefly noted.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Infrastructure --- Trade: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Investment --- Capital --- Intangible Capital --- Capacity --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- International economics --- Finance --- Banking --- Macroeconomics --- Exports --- Foreign direct investment --- Export credits --- Investments, Foreign --- Banks and banking --- Saving and investment --- Export credit --- China, People's Republic of --- Economic assistance, Chinese --- China --- Africa --- Foreign economic relations

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This paper describes the effect of IMF-supported adjustment programs on the poor. The paper highlights that IMF-supported adjustment programs have often been misunderstood and have been criticized for seeking excessive reductions in aggregate demand, resulting in unwarranted contractions of output and employment opportunities, and declines in the living standards of people living in poverty. The paper discusses the series of case studies of nine programs in seven countries that the IMF undertook to obtain a balanced and comprehensive appraisal of how the poor fare in the context of IMF-supported adjustment programs.

Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Finance: General --- Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Public Finance --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- Trade: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Agriculture: General --- International economics --- Finance --- Public finance & taxation --- Investment & securities --- Export credits --- Trade barriers --- Stock markets --- Foreign direct investment --- Tariffs --- International trade --- Financial markets --- Balance of payments --- Capital markets --- Exports --- Export credit --- Commercial policy --- Stock exchanges --- Investments, Foreign --- China, People's Republic of

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Commerce. --- Commerce --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- Industries --- Export Development Corporation (Canada) --- Canada. --- E.D.C. --- EDC --- Export Development Corporation --- Société pour l'expansion des exportations (Canada) --- Export Credits Insurance Corporation (Canada) --- Export Development Canada --- Canada --- Canada (Province) --- Canadae --- Ceanada --- Chanada --- Chanadey --- Dominio del Canad --- Dominion of Canada --- Kʻaenada --- Kanada --- Ḳanadah --- Kanadaja --- Kanadas --- Ḳanade --- Kanado --- Kanak --- Province of Canada --- Republica de Canad --- Yn Chanadey --- Kanada (Dominion) --- كندا --- Канада --- Καναδάς --- Republica de Canadá --- Dominio del Canadá --- کانادا --- 캐나다 --- Kanakā --- קנדה --- カナダ --- 加拿大 --- קאנאדע --- Upper Canada --- Lower Canada --- Business, Economy and Management --- Business Management --- Trade and Commerce --- Jianada --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants --- Kaineḍā

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This paper discusses the status of Ukraine’s Eurobond held by the Russian Federation. The bond was acquired by Russia’s National Wealth Fund (NWF) pursuant to a decision by the Russian Government to provide assistance to Ukraine. In public statements at the time the bond was issued, Russia’s Finance Minister, Mr. Siluanov, explained that assistance was being provided via the NWF because the funds had not been appropriated in the federal budget, ruling out a direct intergovernmental credit. The IMF staff is of the view that the Eurobond is an official claim for the purposes of the IMF’s policy on arrears to official bilateral creditors.

Bonds --- Sovereign wealth funds --- Funds, Sovereign wealth --- SWFs (Sovereign wealth funds) --- Investment of public funds --- Bond issues --- Debentures --- Negotiable instruments --- Securities --- Debts, Public --- Stocks --- International Monetary Fund --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- E-books --- Budgeting --- Exports and Imports --- Investments: Bonds --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data) --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- National Budget --- Budget Systems --- International economics --- Monetary economics --- Investment & securities --- Budgeting & financial management --- Arrears --- Credit ratings --- Credit --- Export credits --- Financial institutions --- External debt --- Money --- International trade --- Debts, External --- Export credit --- Ukraine