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ISBN: 020206042X 9780202060422 Year: 1971 Publisher: Chicago Aldine-Atherton
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Year: 1968 Publisher: London: Allen and Unwin,
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Year: 1957 Publisher: Paris: Les éditions de l'épargne,
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Year: 1968 Publisher: Washington: Brookings Institution,
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ISBN: 0043301134 Year: 1968 Publisher: London : Allen & Unwin,
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Year: 2003 Publisher: Washington, DC : World Bank, Washington, DC,
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Public provision of education has often been perceived as universal and egalitarian, but in reality it is not. Political pressure typically results in incidence bias in favor of the rich. Gradstein argues that the bias in political influence resulting from extreme income inequalities is particularly likely to generate an incidence bias, which we call social exclusion. This may then lead to a feedback mechanism whereby inequality in the incidence of public spending on education breeds higher income inequality, thus generating multiple equilibria: with social exclusion and high inequality; and with social inclusion and relatively low inequality. The author also shows that the latter equilibrium leads to higher long-run growth than the former. An extension of the basic model reveals that spillover effects among members of social groups differentiated by race or ethnicity may reinforce the support for social exclusion. This paper--a product of Public Services, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to understand the causes and the consequences of incidence biases in public spending.
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Year: 2022 Publisher: Washington, District of Colombia : International Monetary Fund,
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Public investment is expected to play a significant role in the post-pandemic economic recovery in Poland. Like other countries in the region, Poland lags more advanced European economies in the quantity and quality of its infrastructure despite significant progress in the last decade. The Government's recent economic plan-the New Polish Deal-foresee an extensive economic and investment plan of which many investments will benefit from the large support from the European Union funds to scale up green, digital, and resilient investments. In this context, the public investment management assessment (PIMA) was conducted to assess strengths and weaknesses of infrastructure governance in Poland and identify potential bottlenecks for making the most of these investments in terms of quality of infrastructure.
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Year: 2021 Publisher: [Place of publication not identified] : International Monetary Fund,
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This guide presents the analytical underpinnings and a user manual for the Excel-based Public Debt Dynamics Tool (DDT).
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Year: 2021 Publisher: [Place of publication not identified] : International Monetary Fund,
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This technical note addresses the following questions: • What are the main ways in which different countries assess and collect personal income tax (PIT) and social insurance contributions (SIC) liabilities (Section I)? • What is the case for transferring responsibility for a country's SIC collection from its social insurance agency(ies) to its tax authority (Section II)? • What changes does such integration of collection functions involve (Section III)? • Are there any lessons from international experience to guide such reforms (Section IV)? • How to build on these lessons when planning a transfer of collection functions (Section V)? • Are there any beneficial alternatives to full integration of functions (Section VI)?.
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Year: 2004 Publisher: Washington, District of Colombia : International Monetary Fund,
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