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The international community is paying increased attention to the 25 percent of the world's population that lives in fragile and conflict affected settings, acknowledging that these settings represent daunting development challenges. To deliver better results on the ground, it is necessary to improve the understanding of the impacts and effectiveness of development interventions operating in contexts of conflict and fragility. This paper argues that it is both possible and important to carry out impact evaluations even in settings of violent conflict, and it presents some examples from a collection of impact evaluations of conflict prevention and peacebuilding interventions. The paper examines the practices of impact evaluators in the peacebuilding sector to see how they address evaluation design, data collection, and conflict analysis. Finally, it argues that such evaluations are crucial for testing assumptions about how development interventions affect change-the so-called "theory of change"-which is important for understanding the results on the ground.

Conflict analysis --- Conflict prevention --- Encouragement design --- Ex-combatants --- Experimental design --- Fragile states --- Impact evaluation --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Peacebuilding --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Poverty Impact Evaluation --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Public Sector Development --- Quasi-experimental design --- Science Education --- Scientific Research & Science Parks

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The youth unemployment rate is exceptionally high in developing countries. Because the quality of education is arguably one of the most important determinants of youth's labor force participation, governments worldwide have responded by creating job training and placement services programs. Despite the rapid expansion of skill-enhancement employment programs across the world and the long history of training program evaluations, debates about the causal impact of training-based labor market policies on employment outcomes still persist. Using a quasi-experimental approach, this report presents the short-run effects of skills training and employment placement services in Nepal. Launched in 2009, the intervention provided skills training and employment placement services for more than 40,000 Nepalese youth over a three-year period, including a specialized adolescent girls' initiative that reached 4,410 women ages 16 to 24. The report finds that after three years of the program, the Employment Fund intervention positively improved employment outcomes. Participation in the Employment Fund training program generated an increase in non-farm employment of 15 to 16 percentage points for an overall gain of about 50 percent. The program also generated an average monthly earnings gain of about 72 percent. The report finds significantly larger employment impacts for women than for men, but younger women ages 16 to 24 experienced the same improvements as older females. These employment estimates are comparable, although somewhat higher, than other recent experimental interventions in developing countries.

Abuse --- Access & Equity in Basic Education --- Adolescent Girls --- Both Sexes --- Capacity Building --- Childbirth --- Children --- Civil Conflict --- Classroom --- Completion Rates --- Contraception --- Control Over Resources --- Curriculum --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Disadvantaged Groups --- Discrimination --- Dropout --- Dropout Rates --- Early Intervention --- Economic Empowerment --- Economic Growth --- Economic Resources --- Economic Status --- Education --- Education for All --- Educational Attainment --- Employment Opportunities --- Enrollment --- Ethnic Groups --- Ex-Combatants --- Exams --- Female Participants --- Female Students --- Fertility --- Fertility Preferences --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Food Insecurity --- Food Security --- Formal Education --- Gender Differences --- Gender Discrimination --- Gender Equality --- Girls --- Groups --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- HIV --- Household Assets --- Household Food Security --- Household Income --- Household Level --- Household Size --- Human Capital --- Important Policy --- Income-Generating Activities --- Indigenous Peoples --- International Labor Organization --- Interventions --- Investment --- Job Opportunities --- Job Training --- Knowledge --- Labor Force --- Labor Market --- Labour Market --- Leadership --- Learning --- Level of Education --- Life Skills --- Literacy --- Livelihood Skills --- Mandates --- Marital Status --- Marriage --- Meat --- Migrants --- Migration --- Ministry of Education --- Minority --- Number of Children --- Older Women --- Outreach Activities --- Participation --- Pensions --- Physical Health --- Pilot Projects --- Policy --- Policy Discussions --- Policy Implications --- Policy Makers --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population --- Population Policies --- Practitioners --- Pregnancy --- Primary Education --- Progress --- Public Health --- Quality of Education --- Radio --- Reasoning --- Regular Attendance --- Remittances --- Reproductive Health --- Science --- Self-Confidence --- Service Delivery --- Service Providers --- Sex --- Sexually Active --- Skills --- Skills Development --- Skills Training --- Social Norms --- Social Science --- Sponsors --- Students --- Substance Abuse --- Technical Education --- Technical Skills --- Technical Training --- Training --- Training Opportunities --- Training Programs --- Training Services --- Unemployment --- Values --- Vocational Education --- Vocational Training --- Vulnerability --- Vulnerable Groups --- Women --- Workshops --- Young Men --- Young People --- Young Women --- Youth