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Cystic fibrosis is the most common genetic disease in the Caucasian population. It is characterised by excessive secretion of mucus thick and sticky, which develop a chronic infection and inflammation leading to progressive deterioration of lung function and premature death. The main cause of the disease is the emergence of a mutation in the sequence of the protein CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Receptor) that induces the production of abnormal protein, retained at the endoplasmic reticulum, which can no longer play its role of chloric channel. Currently there are only symptomatic treatments of this disease. Act on the principal cause of the disease by restoring the function of mutated CFTR and normalizing ion transport could be a huge benefit for patient suffering from this disease. In recent years, numerous research has highlighted the beneficial effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, currently used in treatment of erectyle dysfunction, in cystic fibrosis. Indeed, these molecules can act both on inflammation and on the correction of CFTR function La mucoviscidose est la maladie génétique la plus fréquente dans la population caucasienne. Elle se caractérise par une sécrétion d'un mucus épais et collant, dans lequel se développe une infection pulmonaire et une mort prématurée. La cause principale de la maladie est l'apparition d'une mutation dans la séquence ADN de la protéine CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Receptor) produisant une protéine anormale retenue au niveau du réticulum endoplasmique, et qui ne peut plus jouer son rôle de canal chlore. Il n'existe actuellement que des traitements symptomatiques de cette maladie. Agir sur la cause principale de la maladie en rétablissant la fonction de la protéine CFTR mutée et en normalisant le transport d'ions pourrait être un énorme bénéfice pour les patients atteints de cette maladie. Ces dernières années, de nombreuses recherches ont permis de mettre en évidence les effets bénéfiques des inhibiteurs de phosphodiestérase 5, utilisés actuellement dans le traitement des dysfonctions érectiles, dans la mucoviscidose. En effet, ces molécules peuvent agir tant sur l'inflammation que sur la correction de la fonction CFTR

Cystic Fibrosis --- European Continental Ancestry Group --- Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator --- Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors

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In the antebellum South, plantation physsicians used a new medical device - the spirometer - to show that lung volume and therefore vital capacity were supposedly less in black slaves than in white citizens. At the end of the Civil War, a large study of racial difference employing the spirometer appeared to confirm the finding, which was then applied to argue that slaves were unlit for freedom. What is astonishing is that this example of racial thinking is anything but a historical relic. In Breathing Race into the Machine, science studies scholar Lundy Braun traces the little-known history of the spirometer to reveal the social and scientific processes by which medical instruments have worked to naturalize racial and ethnic differences, from Victorian Britain to today. Routinely a factor in clinical diagnosis, preemployment physicals, and disability estimates, spirometers are often "race corrected," typically reducing normal values for African Americans by 15 percent. An unsettling account of the pernicious effects of racial thinking that divides people along genetic lines, Breathing Race into the Machine helps us understand how race enters into science and shapes medical research and practice. -- from dust jacket

Spirometry --- Lungs --- Black people --- Racism in medicine --- Lung --- Blacks --- Whites --- Racism --- Pneumoconiosis --- History, 19th Century --- History, 20th Century --- 20th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 20th Cent. History of Medicine --- 20th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 20th Century --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History, Twentieth Century --- Medical History, 20th Cent. --- Medicine, 20th Cent. --- 20th Century History --- 20th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 20th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 20th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 20th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 20th --- Century Histories, Twentieth --- Century History, 20th --- Century History, Twentieth --- Histories, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 20th Century --- Histories, Twentieth Century --- History, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Twentieth Century Histories --- Twentieth Century History --- 19th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 19th Cent. History of Medicine --- 19th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 19th Century --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History, Nineteenth Century --- Medical History, 19th Cent. --- Medicine, 19th Cent. --- 19th Century History --- 19th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 19th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 19th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 19th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 19th --- Century Histories, Nineteenth --- Century History, 19th --- Century History, Nineteenth --- Histories, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 19th Century --- Histories, Nineteenth Century --- History, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Nineteenth Century Histories --- Nineteenth Century History --- Caucasian Race --- Caucasoid Race --- Caucasian Races --- Caucasoid Races --- Race, Caucasian --- Race, Caucasoid --- Races, Caucasian --- Races, Caucasoid --- White --- Negro --- Negroid Race --- Negroes --- Negroid Races --- Race, Negroid --- Races, Negroid --- History --- Dust diseases --- Social aspects --- Diseases --- history --- instrumentation --- physiology --- etiology --- Medical racism --- Medicine --- Black persons --- Ethnology --- Pneometry --- Pulmonary function tests --- European Continental Ancestry Group --- White Person --- People, White --- Person, White --- White Peoples --- White Persons --- African Continental Ancestry Group --- Black Person --- Black Peoples --- Black Persons --- People, Black --- Person, Black --- Persons, Black --- Cardiopulmonary system --- Chest --- Respiratory organs