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Europe Union countries --- France --- Foreign relations --- Politics and government

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Les pays de l'Europe ont en partage certaines valeurs : liberté, diversité, mixité, égalité, solidarité, justice, patrimoine commun, développement durable. Les auteurs proposent la traduction de ces valeurs européennes communes en un concept spatial : le polycentrisme.

Regional planning --- Regional planning - Europe Union countries. --- AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE --- POLYCENTRISME --- EUROPE

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European Union --- Hungary --- Europe Union countries --- Hongrie --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Relations

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National development banks (NDBs) have transformed from outdated relics of national industrial policy to central pillars of the European Union's economic project. This trend, which accelerated after the Financial Crisis of 2007, has led to a proliferation of NDBs with an expanded size and scope. However, it is surprising that the EU -- which has championed market-oriented governance and strict competition policy -- has actually advocated for an expansion of NDBs.This book therefore asks, Why has the EU supported an increased role for NDBs, and how can we understand the dynamics between NDBs and European incentives and constraints?To answer these questions, the contributing authors analyze the formation and evolution of a field of development banking within the EU, identifying a new field around an innovative conceptualization of state-backed financing for the purposes of policy implementation. Yet rather than focusing solely on national development banks, the authors instead broaden the focus to the entire ecosystem of the field of development banking, which includes political institutions (both in Brussels and in themember states), financing vehicles (such as the Juncker Plan), regulatory bodies (Directorate-General for Competition, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs), and commercial actors. Seven in-depth case studies on European NDBs, along with three chapters on European-level actors,detail this field of development banking, and answer the questions of when, where, and how development banking occurs within the EU.

Development banks --- development bank --- bank --- single market --- industrial policy --- European Union --- economic relations --- Development banks. --- Industrial policy. --- Business --- Industries --- Industry and state --- Economic policy --- Multilateral development banks --- Banks and banking --- Government policy --- Development banks - Europe Union Countries. --- Industrial policy - Europe Union Countries.

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The European Union (EU) has come under pressure from different sides: First, it is undergoing a period of institutional and political reforms which are, however, progressing only slowly. Secondly, its shape is being influenced decisively by the inclusion of new member states. The guiding question of the volume is: In how far may the development of the EU be described and explained in relation to the two competing terms “differentiation” and “fusion” ? The term “fusion“, coined by Wolfgang Wessels, describes European integration as the dynamic process of more and more political tasks being exercised by the EC/EU as a result of the insufficiency of national capacities to act independently in a time of interdependent problems and structures. However, this development is accompanied by a process of growing institutional and procedural differentiation and complexity of the EU system. Each chapter of the volume analyses the interrelation between the two central dynamics “fusion” and “differentiation” in the EU system. The key terms “differentiation” and “fusion” are thus applied by high-ranking academics from across Europe with regard to European politics, policies and the evolution of the European polity

European Union --- 341.2422 --- Uc2 --- Ud2 --- Europe Union Countries --- --European Union countries --- --EU countries --- Euroland --- Europe --- Economic integration --- Politics and government --- European Union countries --- European federation. --- Political participation --- Economic integration. --- European Union. --- Political aspects. --- Politics and government. --- --Economic integration